Definition and Examples of Slips of the Tongue

A slip of the tongue is a mistake in speaking, usually trivial, sometimes amusing. Also called  lapsus linguae or tongue slip. As British linguist David Crystal has noted, studies of tongue slips have revealed a great deal about the neuropsychological processes that underlie speech. Etymology: A translation of the Latin, lapsus linguae, cited by English poet and literary critic John Dryden in 1667. Examples and Observations The following example is from an article by Rowena Mason in The Guardian: [British Prime Minister]  David Cameron  has accidentally described the 7 May election as career-defining when he meant country-defining, his third gaffe of recent days.  His mistake on Friday was immediately jumped on by his opponents as unintentionally revealing that he was more concerned about his own job prospects than the future of the UK.  It is likely that the prime minister will step down as Tory leader if he is voted out of Downing Street.This is a real career-defining...country-defining election that we face in less than a week’s time, he told an audience at the headquarters of Asda in Leeds. This example comes from an article written by Marcella Bombardieri, which was published in The Boston Globe: In an apparent slip of the tongue on the campaign trail yesterday, Mitt Romney mixed up the names of Al Qaeda mastermind Osama bin Laden and Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama.The former Massachusetts governor was criticizing Democrats on foreign policy when he said, according to the Associated Press, Actually, just look at what Osam—Barack Obama—said just yesterday. Barack Obama, calling on radicals, jihadists of all different types, to come together in Iraq. That is the battlefield.... Its almost as if the Democratic contenders for president are living in fantasyland....Romney, who was speaking at a Chamber of Commerce meeting in Greenwood, S.C., was referring to an audiotape broadcast Monday on Al Jazeera, purportedly of bin Laden, calling for insurgents in Iraq to unite.  Romney spokesman Kevin Madden later explained: Governor Romney simply miss poke. He was referring to the recently released audiotape of Osama bin Laden and misspoke when referencing his name. It was just a brief mix-up. Author Robert Louis Young shared the following quote by New York Congresswoman Bella Abzug (1920-1998) in his book, Understanding Misunderstandings: We need laws that protect everyone. Men and women, straights and gays, regardless of sexual perversion...ah, persuasion.... Heres an example from an article written by Chris Suellentrop in Slate: The Badger State boasts [John] Kerrys most famous slip of the tongue: the time he declared his love for Lambert Field, suggesting that the states beloved Green Bay Packers play their home games on the frozen tundra of the St. Louis airport. Types of Slips of the Tongue According to Jean Aitchinson, a professor of language and communications, Normal speech contains a large number of such slips, though these mostly pass unnoticed. The errors fall into patterns, and it is possible to draw conclusions from them about the underlying mechanisms involved. They can be divided into (1) Selection errors, where a wrong item has been chosen, usually a lexical item, as with tomorrow instead of today in Thats all for tomorrow. (2) Assemblage errors, where the correct items have been selected, but they have been assembled in the wrong order, as in holed and sealed for soled and healed. Causes of Slips of the Tongue British linguist George Yule says, Most everyday slips of the tongue...are often simply the result of a sound being carried over from one word to the next, as in black bloxes (for black boxes), or a sound used in one word in anticipation of its occurrence in the next word, as in noman numeral (for roman numeral), or a tup of tea (cup), or the most highly played player (paid). The last example is close to the reversal type of slip, illustrated by shu flots, which may not make you beel fetter if youre suffering from a stick neff, and its always better to loop before you leak. The last two examples involve the interchange of word-final sounds and are much less common than word-initial slips. Predicting Slips of the Tongue [I]t is possible to make predictions about the form tongue slips are likely to take when they occur. Given the intended sentence The car missed the bike / but hit the wall (where / marks an intonation/rhythm boundary, and the strongly stressed words are italicized), the likely slips are going to include bar for car or wit for hit. Most unlikely would be har for car (showing the influence of a less prominent word in the second tone unit) or lit for hit (showing a final consonant replacing an initial one), says David Crystal. Freud on Slips of the Tongue According to Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, If a slip of the tongue that turns what the speaker intended to say into its opposite is made by one of the adversaries in a serious argument, it immediately puts him at a disadvantage, and his opponent seldom wastes any time in exploiting the advantage for his own ends. The Lighter Side of a Tongue Slip From the television show, Parks and Recreation... Jerry: For my murinal, I was inspired by the death of my grandma.Tom: You said murinal![Everyone laughs]Jerry: No, I didnt.Ann: Yes, you did. You said murinal. I heard it.Jerry: Anyway, she—April: Jerry, why dont you put that murinal in the mens room so people can murinate all over it?Tom: Jerry, go to the doctor. You might have a murinary tract infection.[Jerry takes down his mural and walks away defeated.]Jerry: I just wanted to show you my art.Everyone: Murinal! Mural! Murinal! Sources Aitchison, Jean. Slip of the Tongue.  The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Edited by Tom McArthur, Oxford University Press, 1992. Bombardieri, Marcella. Romney Mixes Up Osama, Obama During S.C. Speech.  The Boston Globe, 24 Oct., 2007. Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 3rd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2010. Freud,  Sigmund. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life  (1901). Transcribed by Anthea Bell, Penguin, 2002. Mason, Rowena. Cameron Mocked After Describing Election as Career-Defining. The Guardian, 1 May, 2015. Suellentrop, Chris. Kerry Puts the Gloves On.  Slate, 16 Oct., 2004. The Camel.  Parks and Recreation, season 2, episode 9, NBC, 12 Nov., 2009. Young, Robert Louis. Understanding Misunderstandings: A Practical Guide to More Successful Human Interaction. University of Texas Press, 1999. Yule,  George. The Study of Language. 4th ed., Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Evolution of Health Care Systems Essay - 1132 Words

Running Head: EVOLUTION OF HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS Evolution of Health Care Information Systems Vicki Tate HCS 533 Health Information Systems Group# MHAA119AC8 University of Phoenix Renee Gorby January 7, 2011 Health Care Information Systems Health care Information systems have become more prevalent in our current Health Care system than it was twenty years ago. The computer was not used to the extent it is today in regards to patient care, documentation, billing, education, and etc. This paper will go into more detail regarding the comparisons and contrasts of the use of Health Care Information systems in a contemporary physician office versus a physician office twenty years ago. Technological advantages and†¦show more content†¦Although with the use of computers, there have been privacy issues because of the accessibility of patient information. This will be discussed in detail later in the paper. Therefore, although there are similarities in the workflow, very little else is similar in the physician offices. Next, are two major events that have occurred over the past 20 years that have influenced our current HCIS practices. Two Major Events that Influenced Current HCIS Practices One of the major events that occurred in the 1990s was President Clinton signing a law regarding Health Insurance and Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996. This law was created to provide more affordable and accessible health insurance, provisions to simplify administrative processes and to provide protection of Personal Health Information (Wager, 2009). In regards to simplifying administrative processes, this law mandates development of a central electronic data base to contain all health records for every patient in the United States. This law did not mandate a federal policy which protects this information if misused or stolen until Feb. 21, 2000 (Bacon, 1997, pg. 317). 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Emerson, Buddha, Confucius, and Jesus Where Does the Self...

Emerson, Buddha, Confucius, and Jesus: Where Does the Self Stand? Ralph Waldo Emerson’s ideas from his essay Self-Reliance may sound absurd to some, though this also helps to ensure that his ideas on self-reliance are some of the most well known on the subject. Many people these days seem to be more inclined towards focusing almost entirely on the self, rather than going and pleasing other people. There are also other teachings from the past that are contradicted by the ideas in Emerson’s essay. One notable statement that Emerson made was that â€Å"Nothing can bring you peace but yourself (Emerson, 47).† This is slowly becoming the truth for most individuals, who are taking up this approach, rather than going around and pleasing other people†¦show more content†¦One should be wary of his actions towards the whole, which is in contradiction with what Emerson is preaches in his works. It should also be noted that some of the teachings of Buddhism regardin g happiness and serenity of the person deal with how to treat one another. The reward given to a person who treats others well might not be experienced in their present lifetime, but will instead occur in a future life. The idea of self is not given much attention, especially when compared to Emerson’s ideas of self. Another teaching of Buddha is â€Å"One should do what one teaches others to do; if one would train others, one should be well controlled oneself. Difficult, indeed, is self-control. (â€Å"The Dhammapada,† 60)† Even if the self would be taken into notice at this point, one’s action should still be in coordination with the betterment of others. Emerson also seemed to be going the opposite way compared to Confucius’ ideas. Whereas Emerson’s ideas basically state that one should only take into consideration what will make him achieve happiness, Confucius believed that happiness of the person should rely on what he has done to anot her person; this has been referred to often as the golden rule and it states â€Å"What you do not want done to yourself, do not do unto others.† The happiness of the person still depends others, unlike Emerson’s proposal that the self should be happy regardless of what another person might think towards him or how others might be

Globalization of Impact in Society free essay sample

The technique and fundamentals used within different parts of the world vary significantly, for modern values prevail. The vastness of globalization has impacted a majority of nations across the world. One way of looking at Globalization through the advantages and disadvantages of its nature is to overlook society’s changes from generation to generation. The complexities of convergence through trade and social processes establish a variety of commodities between cultures. In part of sharing heritages of different cultures the experience of new found goods in intellect and materialistic sources take our interest in influencing positive or negative reactions. W. J. Perry a cultural anthropologist leader wrote a Journal over culture. In the journal he talks about the diversity among cultures and the meaning behind civilizations. He states, â€Å"that various peoples, in different parts of the earth, had, independently of one another, elaborated the fundamentals of arts and crafts† (Perry 105). He describes an interesting point specifying of how the process of these experiences occur, â€Å"independently†. The exposure to foreign cultural goods frequently brings about changes in local cultures, values, and traditions. For instance, local farmers who have traditionally earned a living by working their small plots of family-owned land and selling their goods locally may find reason to be concerned by globalization because new availability of foreign foods in a market- often at cheaper prices- can displace local farmers. Such causes make local residents to hate some variations of globalization. Lieber and Weisberg in â€Å"Globalization, Culture, and Identities in Crisis† give an example of why some hate globalization. â€Å"Others, however, have treated globalization of culture as an evil because of their fears of the pervasive power and duplicity of multinational corporations or international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (Globalization Crisis, Lieber, Weisberg). On the other hand, there are others whom appreciate the resources that globalization brings from foreign places because there is a sympathetic relation to the arts and crafts available and produced by someone who is thousands of miles away for their unique work in particular subjects, like sculptures, food, clothing, books, jewelry, music, and so much more. Lieber and Weisberg also provide an example of the good side of globalization. â€Å"One observer has asserted that, ‘†¦globalization promotes integration and the removal not only of cultural barriers but many of the negative dimensions of culture. Globalization is a vital step toward both a more stable world and better lives for the people within it’† (Globalization Crisis, Lieber, Weisberg). This is a good point because for some regions in part of the world there are some cultures where such kind of integration can improve or further an interest towards one’s well being; for all human beings share a common notion of intellect. A great revolution occurred through technology, The Information Revolution. Many fundamentalist challenge their skills in competing with this new stream of information such as the computer systems, Ethernet, music, movies, and advertising media. This has created a new movement for individuals not only to work within the field and have a source of income and opportunity to grow in the ambition one seeks but it opens a far more modern aspect of enabling a growing culture all over the world. Since technology and computer systems are relevant in many places around the world today this challenges a new generation with new resources to obtain and fit-in as a means of their culture something that did not exist generations before. It allows for prosperity, however, in some areas there still exists a culture that decide to not be influenced by other cultures instead they are enduring a traditional way of living a society that has carried on from generation to generation without technological growth, they are contemporary hunter-gatherer peoples who, after contact with other societies, continue their ways of life with very little external influence. The nature of the hunter-gatherer persisted in technological techniques to specialize in the domain of survival, using techniques that enable men to use resources in creative measures. As Perry states as well in his journal Tradition, talking about hunter gatherer societies; â€Å"Who still persist in outlying parts of the world† (Perry 106). The level of advancement of a civilization is often measured by its progress in agriculture, trade, performance and abilities of oneself/occupation, and ranking within community distinguish the natural rights of oneself. There is a theory called â€Å"Tabula rasa,† that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that their knowledge comes from ones experience and perception† (Locke, John). Locke’s ability to understand this quality of human intellect is very profound. Tradition is an inherited, established, or customary pattern of thought, action, or behavior with cultural continuity in social attitudes, customs, and institutions. Characterizing an individual towards a manner, method, or style such as in America the way of living is much different especially during the midcentury where access to safe, inexpensive electricity was available and made at times simple. Having toasters to house lights to refrigeration, the effects were significant for many Americans. However, not all people benefited from the technological advances that America was attaining. In India and Latin America people did not have the ease access to electricity or technological equipment for the resources a typical American home would have such as the toaster or refrigerator (Jetsetcitizen). The differences between the resources available for a particular society measure considerably in the lack of or more of such customs. Michael Kaye in his journal Tradition condenses the means of this difference very well.