Teaching Philosophy Essay -- Education Philosophy Papers

I believe that learning and teaching is an equal process between teachers and students. Teachers learn just as ofttimes from students as students learn from teachers. When I become a teacher, I will most carely adopt the philosophy of pragmatism. I believe that knowledge is an cats-paw for adapting to reality, and therefore is an essential part of life. I motivation to become an educator in order to motivate children to receive knowledge and use it to better their lives. I dream of helping young children learn to read and write and I anticipate the moment that they look up at me and smile because they understand. I want to be an educator because educators are the most important force in the working world today. Without educators, there would be no doctors to treat the ill, no lawyers to pit the innocent, and no policemen to protect us from harm. There would be no accountants, nurses, psychologists, there would be no one with professional educations and degrees without teachers.M y classroom will be like a small community of learners. The students will sit at medium-sized tables. Each table will seat up to four students. This seating arrangement would lease group work and shared learning. I will establish and enforce a classroom management design. On the first day of class, I plan to create a list of rules, with the students help, which will be posted on the wall for reference. I will also type the rules up into a pose to be signed by both the student and the students parent(s). If a student violates the rules I will review the contract with the student and give him/her a shell out cut, detention hall, send the child to the principals office, or have a parent/teacher conference depending on the severity of the problem. I think... ....Available HTTP http//www.aft.org/stand/ foregoing/1994/051594.html 2001, December 11Shanker, Albert (1996). Inclusion Can Hurt Everyone. Where We Stand Online,2 pgs. Available HTTP http//www.aft.org/stand/previous/1996/0421 96.html2001, December 11Spencer, Diane L. (2001). Personal interview with Diane Spencer, parent of a learning disabled child. December 10, 2001.Including Students With Disabilities in General Education Classrooms (1993).ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education (ERIC EC)Online, 4 pgs. ERIC EC Digest E521. Available HTTP http//ldonline.com/ld_indepth/special_education/eric_e521.html. 2001, December 11Will the Government shop Its Commitment to Special Ed? (2000). Education WorldOnline, 3 pgs. Available HTTP http//www.education-world.com/a_issues/issues076/shtml 2001, December 11

The University Should Focus More Upon Classic Works of Literature :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

The University Should Focus More Upon Classic Works of LiteratureWhen I tell English as my major, I was both nervous and eager to begin the program. I thought I would fin in ally be able to read all the books I had wanted to read through issue high school. I was prepared to embark on an exciting yet difficult journey, reading great whole kit and caboodle of literature by authors such as Dickens and Austen. Unfortunately, while at my university, I have not read as many classic work of literature as I expected. Instead, most of my assigned reading has been from works by modern writers from various ethnic and minority groups. Hence, I feel I am missing something in my pursuit of an English degree. The English program at the University should focus more of its attention on classic works of literature. many an(prenominal) would argue that it is more important for todays students to read ethnic and minority literature. In todays diverse society, one must be exposed to all kinds of cult ures and ethnic groups. Therefore, it is break-dance for English students to read more ethnic literature so that they are aware of the experiences of other ethnic groups as expressed through literary forms. some(prenominal) English instructors feel that ethnic literature is a field that contains many hidden treasures of literature. They are assigning students to read these works more frequently. For example, in a recent study conducted by the National Association of Scholars, researchers found that based on the relative frequency with which she is cited in course descriptions, Toni Morrison now ranks sixth among all authors who have ever written in the English language. Only Shakespeare, Chaucer, Austen, Milton, and Woolf had more citations. The researchers note, Given the heavy disproportion of male to female authors over the course of English literary history, this is certainly an astonishing outcome, even if the literary excellence of Morrison is granted. (http//www.nas.org/rep orts/eng_maj/engmaj_exsum.htm). Toni Morrison is certainly a fine writer however, I agree that her being ranked sixth out of every author who ever wrote in the English language is extraordinary. I am not suggesting that the study of ethnic and minority literature is not important. I agree that reading literature by diverse ethnic groups is beneficial to the English major. However, it seems to me that more attention is focused on ethnic literature than on classic literature. While ethnic literature is important, it is also necessary to give classic literature equal emphasis in the program, if not more.

Educational Goals and Philosophy :: Education Teaching Teachers Essays

Educational Goals and PhilosophyI have many reasons for choosing education. The first reason would have to be that I love being around children. I like to watch them get aro go for about new things that they learn and see their eyes light up when something really amazes them. The second reason is that my mother is a teacher. I have seen her in class with her learners and how they have so much respect for her. I also have much respect for her beca intention I know teaching isnt liberal and there has not been a day in her teaching rush that I havent seen her amaze the students or me for that matter. I just desire that one day maybe I can be as pricy of a teacher as her. My last reason is that I want to make learning fun and exciting for students. When I was a student in grade school I had a teacher that didnt use any special teaching methods or manipulatives and that class was boring for me. wiz year I had a teacher that used many exciting activities, much(prenomina l) as, treasure hunts to make learning fun. I learned a cumulus from that teacher and was very excited about what I learned. During my observation discover I noticed that the classroom environment helps to enhance students learning. From this experience I would like to display projects that I did at that grade level to impel my students and encourage them with their work. I would also like to hang pictures and have sculptures that would be fun and educational for them at their level. For example, if I would teach fourth through ordinal grade, I would use fossils and skeletons for their learning experience with science. I could also use pictures of famous places for learning history like The Eiffel Tower, The Leaning Tower of Pisa, Big Ben, The Taj Mahal, The prominent Pyramids, The Sphinx, Stonehenge, etc. I believe that classroom management is as eventful as classroom environment when it comes toward contributing to childrens learning. From my experience, I feel that if a teacher uses only negative discipline then he/she has a repugnant affect on students, which causes the student not to reach their potential. In my classroom, I plan to use both positive and negative forms of discipline, so that good behavior will be rewarded and students will remember and be motivated toward proper behavior.Educational Goals and Philosophy Education Teaching Teachers EssaysEducational Goals and PhilosophyI have many reasons for choosing education. The first reason would have to be that I love being around children. I like to watch them get excited about new things that they learn and see their eyes light up when something really amazes them. The second reason is that my mother is a teacher. I have seen her in class with her students and how they have so much respect for her. I also have much respect for her because I know teaching isnt easy and there has not been a day in her teaching career that I havent seen her amaze the students or me for that m atter. I just hope that one day maybe I can be as good of a teacher as her. My last reason is that I hope to make learning fun and exciting for students. When I was a student in grade school I had a teacher that didnt use any special teaching methods or manipulatives and that class was boring for me. One year I had a teacher that used many exciting activities, such as, treasure hunts to make learning fun. I learned a lot from that teacher and was very excited about what I learned. During my observation experience I noticed that the classroom environment helps to enhance students learning. From this experience I would like to display projects that I did at that grade level to motivate my students and encourage them with their work. I would also like to hang pictures and have sculptures that would be fun and educational for them at their level. For example, if I would teach fourth through sixth grade, I would use fossils and skeletons for their learning experience with scienc e. I could also use pictures of famous places for learning history like The Eiffel Tower, The Leaning Tower of Pisa, Big Ben, The Taj Mahal, The Great Pyramids, The Sphinx, Stonehenge, etc. I believe that classroom management is as important as classroom environment when it comes toward contributing to childrens learning. From my experience, I feel that if a teacher uses only negative discipline then he/she has a repugnant affect on students, which causes the student not to reach their potential. In my classroom, I plan to use both positive and negative forms of discipline, so that good behavior will be rewarded and students will remember and be motivated toward proper behavior.

Gov Jane Hull :: essays research papers

Jane Dee Hull was born in Kansas City, Missouri, on August 8, 1935. Governor Hull is married to Dr. terrycloth Hull. Dr. Hull practiced medicine in Pheonix for 32 wears and now works as a consultant. Governor Hull and Dr. Hull apply four children and octet grandchildren. Governor Hull received a bachelors degree in elementary education from the University of Kansas and also did postgraduate work in political science and political economy at Arizona State University. She is a graduate of the Josephson Ethics Institute. Governor Hull and her husband moved to Arizona in 1962. Dr. Hull served as a physician in public health service and the Governor taught school on the Navajo Nation until 1964. In 1979 Governor Hull was elected to the Arizona raise of Representatives. She served from 1999 to 1992, and she was the first woman speaker of the house. In 1993, she ran a successful campaign for secretary of state, becoming the second woman to hold that office and the first republican sinc e 1931.Since her inducted into office, Hull lists education, healthcare, the economy and preserving the states natural beauty as her top priorities. Governor Hull is a strong supporter of Homeland Security measures to ensure the safeguard of the people of Arizona. During her term as governor, Hull has appointed a record amount of judicial appointments. Her Students FIRST school facilities funding program ensures equity for all(prenominal) student in Arizona, no matter where they live. Forty-four new schools were built and opened and another 120 new schools have been approved. An addition, $1 billion dollars lead be set aside for upgrading current school buildings. In Hulls Education 2000 program, which will raise $459 million in new funds, provides higher teacher salaries and little classrooms in kindergarten through high school. Since the Governors acceptance into office, nearly 136,000 children of the working and lower class will now receive health coverage thanks to the Gover nors KidsCare program. In behavioral health, funding for the seriously mentally ill has increased by 80 percent since the Governor took office, up from $102 million in fiscal yr 1997 to $185 million in fiscal year 2001. The Governor also obtained approval to build a new Arizona State Hospital and the initial phases of building have begun. Under Governor Hulls leadership and contract with Qwest Communications, Arizona is one of the first states to assure that all of Arizonas public schools will have access to the Internet.

Voting Behavior - What Determines Vote Choice? Essay -- Politics Polit

Many political science researchers study the forces that drive the vote. One of the earliest, and nearly well known, books astir(predicate) election studies is The American Voter. Written in 1960, the book tries to explain a model that describes what drives Americans to vote the way they do. The model suggests that social factors determine ones ships company identification, which determines ones publish positions and evaluation of candidates characteristics. These forces all work together to determine how one will vote. This model may or may not still hold aline today, as political researchers are not in agreement as to what exactly drives the vote. One thing that does remain true, however, is that factors such as social groups, party identification, issues, and ex post facto evaluations all play some part in determining the vote. Although issues play a role in determining vote choice, social forces and retrospective evaluations are the most important factors the American publ ic takes into consideration when deciding who to vote for. Fewer Americans identify with a political party today- in 1992 astir(predicate) 39% of the American public considered themselves as Independents. Before the 1982 election only 35% reported that they were Independents. This suggests that party identification is on the decline despite the American Voter finding that most everyone had a party identification and that their identification did not change much over their lifetime. (Abramson, Aldrich, Rohde, 225) Many people change their stamp about an issue over time, and only feel strongly about a few issues. Because Americans lack the knowledge of politicians positions on issues, and lack opinions of their own for the most part, they rely on other factors when determining who... ...ming. Retrospective evaluations require little knowledge or time and anyone can evaluate the President and the economy jolly quickly. Issues are always going to be important to the few that actively support them, but for the most part we rely on social groups and party identification, or retrospective evaluations when an incumbent is running, to help us decide who to vote for. BIBLIOGRAPHYAbramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, David W. Rohde. Change and Continuity in the 1992 Elections. 1995. Washington DC congressional Quarterly.Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. The American Voter. 1960. New York Wiley.Erikson, Robert S., Kent L. Tedin. American Public Opinion. 1995. Massachusetts Allyn and Bacon.Luker, Kristin. Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood. 1984. Los Angeles University of California Press.

Voting Behavior - What Determines Vote Choice? Essay -- Politics Polit

Many political science researchers study the forces that drive the vote. One of the earliest, and most(prenominal) well known, books more or less election studies is The American Voter. Written in 1960, the book tries to explain a model that describes what drives Americans to vote the way they do. The model suggests that social factors determine ones society identification, which determines ones theme positions and evaluation of candidates characteristics. These forces all work together to determine how one will vote. This model may or may not still hold aline today, as political researchers are not in agreement as to what exactly drives the vote. One thing that does remain true, however, is that factors such as social groups, party identification, issues, and retrospective evaluations all play some part in determining the vote. Although issues play a role in determining vote choice, social forces and retrospective evaluations are the most important factors the American public takes into consideration when deciding who to vote for. Fewer Americans identify with a political party today- in 1992 somewhat 39% of the American public considered themselves as Independents. Before the 1982 election only 35% reported that they were Independents. This suggests that party identification is on the decline despite the American Voter finding that most everyone had a party identification and that their identification did not change much over their lifetime. (Abramson, Aldrich, Rohde, 225) Many people change their panorama about an issue over time, and only feel strongly about a few issues. Because Americans lack the knowledge of politicians positions on issues, and lack opinions of their own for the most part, they rely on other factors when determining who... ...ming. Retrospective evaluations require little knowledge or time and anyone can evaluate the President and the economy slightly quickly. Issues are always going to be important to the few that actively sup port them, but for the most part we rely on social groups and party identification, or retrospective evaluations when an incumbent is running, to help us decide who to vote for. BIBLIOGRAPHYAbramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, David W. Rohde. Change and Continuity in the 1992 Elections. 1995. Washington DC congressional Quarterly.Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. The American Voter. 1960. New York Wiley.Erikson, Robert S., Kent L. Tedin. American Public Opinion. 1995. Massachusetts Allyn and Bacon.Luker, Kristin. Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood. 1984. Los Angeles University of California Press.

Critical and Creative Thinking Essay

INTRODUCTIONWhat is intellection? Basically, mentation is ane way for compassionate to practice the act or exercise their intellectual or process of thought. In other way, regaining can overly mean as a way of reasoning and judgment. In easier words, persuasion is the active process by which human draws by understandings of us, others and our world. The process of thinking en fittings us to solve problems, interpret information, make sense of our feelings and attitudes, discuss all-important(a) issues, establish beliefs, and work toward the completion of goals. Thinking is an meaty component in our life as a human being.As saying by Bill Beattie goes,The aim of instruction should be to larn us rather how to think, than what to think rather to improve our minds, so as to enable us to think for ourselves, than to load the memory with thoughts of other men. Thinking can be derived in two ways, comminuted thinking and also fictive thinking. Critical thinking is active and p urposeful thinking about how we arrive at our understandings of e rattlingthing in this world and selecting those modes of thinking which are most successful in clarifying and enhancing our understanding. Critical thinking is self-guided, self-disciplined thinking which attempts to reason at the highest level of part in a fair-minded way. People who think critically in a consistent manner attempt to live rationally, reasonably, and empathically.The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. Intelligence plus character that is the goal of true education. Martin Luther King, Jr.Critical thinking is an exceptional mode of thinking about any subject, content, or problem in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skilfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them.germinal thinking is a way of looking at problems or placements from a fresh perspective that sugge sts unusual solutions which may look unsettling at first but eventually depart officeful and brilliant. germinal thinking can be inspired both by an unorganized process such as brainstorming, and by a structured process such as lateral thinking (higher order thinking). A simple description of creativity is the ability to imagine or invent something new. However, creativity is non the ability to create out of nothing, but the ability to generate new conceptions by combining, changing, or reapplying existing ideas. Some original ideas are surprising and brilliant, while others are just simple, good, practical ideas that no one seems to have thought of yet.Creative thinking is not a talent it is a skill that can be learnt. It empowers people by adding strength to their natural abilities which improves teamwork, productivity and where appropriate profits. Edward de BonoCreative thinking is the process which we use when we come up with a new idea. It is the merging of ideas whic h have not been merged before. Brainstorming is one form of creative thinking it works by merging someone elses ideas with your own to create a new one. You are using the ideas of others as a input signal for your own. This creative thinking process can be accidental or deliberate.It is the function of creative people to perceive the relations between thoughts, or things or forms of stockion that may seem utterly different, and to combine them into some new forms, the power to connect the seemingly in connected. William PlomerThe grandness of critical and creative thinking is unavoidable. In order to comply with the National Education Philosophy which emphasize on the development of a whole-rounded individuals and capable of taking argufys, CCTS is very crucial and important to be nurtured in every students or individual.Part 1 CURRENT SITUATION OF CCTS IN SCHOOL.I have been working as a take teacher for 3 years in two different works. Throughout those 3 years, I have been dogma Mathematics for one year and training side Language for about 2 years. As far as I can remember, during my contract as an English teacher, CCTS was not being utilise and in fact, I dont even lie with the importance of critical and creative thinking skills that have to be highlighted and implemented to the students.But, I recognize that the books Component that currently being taught in school is very suitable and able to nurture CCTS in students. This is because, it promotes students to think of the situation, analyse the current situation and interpret what is going to happen in the future. Besides, some of the literature components such as poems make students think something outside of the ordinary and be creative to process with the words and also the meaning of the sendences.I remember from my previous soma on books Component during my contract teacher is that, the awareness as to the consume to cultivate CCTS among students in Malaysia has been an issue of concer n to many. Malachi Edwin (1992) stated that literature in English besides developing reading skills leave alone also help develop students critical thinking skills. He adds that these skills allow for in turn provide students opportunities to understand themselves and their fellow human beings better. In line with Malachi Edwins view on the potentials of literature and its role in the cultivation of CCTS, the present research is aimed at using literature as the base through which CCTS can be promoted effectively.Literature in English has been chosen from the many subjects offered in the Malaysian computer programme for two reasons. Firstly, literature in English can be seen to cut crosswise the various subjects in the curriculum as the contents of literary texts are so diverse that they desegregate social, political, scientific, technological, medical and all other areas of life. Secondly it is an undeniable fact that literature plays an important role in our present curriculum since it is now being taught to students from Form 1 to Form 5 as a component of the English Language syllabus. There is no doubt that the very nature of the subject which requires analysis, solving problems and interpretation can encourages critical and creative thinking.In English Language, other syllabus that are currently being taught such as grammar, reading comprehension and others would not make student to fully use their thinking process. As the knowledge is something that you can remember and it is fundamentally a skill that u can achieve. It is strongly believe that learners can only give way proficient run-in users if they, besides using the language and knowing the meaning, could display creative and critical thinking through the language (Kamarul Kabilan, 2000). This suggests that the learners must be creative in their production of ideas, and critically support them with logical and rational explanation, details and particulars and also examples.For me, as a teacher, it is essential for us to recognise the subject in our curriculum before we can understand and trying to teach students or cultivating CCTS in consumeing literature. The role of literature in English in the Malaysian curriculum has gone through tremendous changes. Before this, literature components that have been taught in school are just simple to know about the bilgewater and how to answer the examination. Most of the students or even teacher do not know that the literature components is very a powerful tool that can be used to instil critical and creative thinking in students.The English language syllabus for Form Four states clearly a number of objectives of the curriculum but the objective which is of relevance to the present study is Objective Number Three as quoted below listen to, view, read and respond to different texts, and express ideas, opinions, thoughts and feelings imaginatively and creatively in spoken and written form. (Huraian Sukatan Pelajaran, Ting IV. KPM, 2003)Part 2 CHALLENGES FACED IN IMPLEMENTING CCTS IN SCHOOL.There are basically three reasons why CCTS is preferably difficult to be implemented in school. They are 1) Teachers themselves, 2) Students background, and 3) School Authority.First, during my contract with the school, I have neer been exposed to CCTS. I dont even know the existence of CCTS in school. The first time I heard about CCTS is when all English teacher was sent to short courses on Literature Component in 2009. Besides that, I have never know about the training in CCTS and the school never emphasize and put interest in getting the teacher trained in CCTS.Even though the teachers has been sent to the courses on the implementation of CCTS in Literature Component, we have no idea on how to implement the CCTS and still lacking in the idea to teach CCTS in class. We basically have the basic idea of CCTS but the problem is, we do not know how to implement the skills in teaching the language. Besides that, teachers ha ve a lot of responsible rather than teaching students. There is lots of clerical work that should be done. This is somehow can interrupt teachers accent in giving all out in class. Teachers were accustomed work out of their scope. There is too much administrative work and teaching subjects they were not trained for.In Malaysian education context, teachers play great role in teaching and learning. They determine and direct the content, activities and processes of teaching and learning in classrooms. It is the teachers who decide on the aims, goals, and strategies of teaching to be implemented in classrooms. Unfortunately, not all teachers have the same idea about teaching. It is not only the students who need to think and act creatively and critically but the teacher should also do the same. When I was thinking about the Set Induction for my lesson, I had been challenged to think of a set induction that I had never use or seen before. In making the students interested to what the lesson are going to be for that day, I have been using songs, drama or even quotes from famous celebrities for my induction set.Secondly, the education system should teach students to be great thinkers, not followers. Unfortunately, it did not work out that wholesome. This might be happening because of the students background. Sometimes, the family is not very helpful in ensuring the successfulness of one student. Parents also play an important role in providing encouragement for children to learn. Encouragement and incentives such as praise and prizes should be pop offn to kids if they get good results. The education of the child is the collective responsibility of the family members. The education of the children in a family is the collective responsibility of all family members.The student will become a good thinker and they should be able to master critical and creative thinking. As such, they should be trained with activities that have been focused and aimed to draw a high i ntellect thinker. Unfortunately, not all students are interested because they fail to see the importance of thinking skills or even learning English. In short they do not know why they need to learn English. One way to solve this problem is, we as a teachers have to give a reason and rational in learning English. I have to do this, because students nowadays always want to know or have rewards when they do things, including studying.Thirdly, the school authority can also become a problem for teacher to implement the CCTS. The task given to teachers by the school authority sometimes can take teachers time and energy. Besides that, the teachers need to comply with the syllabus that they had to finish in the given time. This is sometimes can become a challenge for teacher to spend time in conducting critical and creative thinking in class.Even when I was a teacher, I have some difficulties in finishing the syllabus on time, especially Literature Component. When teaching Literature Compo nent, I need to take some extra time to let the students think about the story or poems. Some students do not know how to interpret the information from the poem. This is actually quite hard for teacher to teach the students the thinking skills when there is no enough time. Thinking skills is not something that the teacher can teach over night, but it takes some time to do it.Part 3 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONEvery problem must have a cure. In order for CCTS to be fully implemented and useful in school system, all the teachers need to be exposed to any new invention in general and thinking skills specifically as well as how to incorporate them in the lessons, such as through videos, workshops, talks, and others. Besides that, continuous development must be carried out from time to time as refresher course for the teachers. This is because, teacher are just like another human being that always forgets and tend to be careless.Apart from that, teachers need to be aware of th e importance of thinking skills so that it will be carried out in the classroom more and can be fully utilised on classroom. Furthermore, the questions asked in the classrooms will determine the thinking that the pupils are doing, so teachers need to be exposed and nurtured to have and apply questions and questioning technique that will elicit thinking.Teachers should also know the activity that will be done in classroom. The activity should be able to get students to observe the texts particularly literature components carefully and critically, to draw upon their language and to think creatively and critically about the material given.Besides training and preparing teacher to be critical and creative, problem-based learning (PBL) can also be one of the methods that can be used to challenge students to learn how to think. Students will work cooperatively in groups to find solutions to real world problems and more importantly, to develop skills to become self-directed learners. Here , the goal of problem-based learning is viewed as learning for capability rather than learning for the sake of acquiring knowledge. Students develop critical thinking abilities by endlessly relating what ideas they generate and to what they want to do with the information (Gallagher, 1997).In an activity like problem solving, both kinds of thinking are significant to us. First, we must examine and study the problem then we must create potential solutions next we must pick and implement the best solution and finally, we must assess the efficiency of the solution. As you can see, this process reveals an alternation between the two kinds of thinking, critical and creative. In practice, both kinds of thinking operate together much of the time and are not authentically independent of each other.Furthermore, for me, as a teacher we have to think aloud in front of our students. Let them hear what are we thinking and dumbfound our way slowly through problems in the subject. I have tried to think aloud in class in front of my students, and they show a good response. Especially, when they say that they never think the way that I thought and surprise to hear my thought. But, when doing this, the teacher should voice our thinking slowly and clearly, so the students able to hear them and response to them.In Critical and Creative Thinking Skills class, I have learned about Socratic questioning. Now I know that as a teacher, we have to regularly question our students Socratically. Such as, investigating various dimensions of their thinking their purpose, their evidence, reasons, data, their claims, beliefs, interpretations, deductions, conclusions, the implications and consequences of their thought, their response to alternative thinking from contrasting points of view, and others.CONCLUSIONCreative and critical thinking skills should not be taught separately as an isolated entity, but embedded in the subject matter and woven into the curriculum. Due to this, the present educational system in Malaysia no longer put emphasis on the 3Rs but rather stressed critical thinking skills, scientific skills as well as technological skills in the schools curriculum.It is in fact possible to do creative and critical thinking activity often, in any English language class. However, being stuck in the curriculum system as in Malaysia, with the exam-oriented teaching and learning in school, I tend to predict that CCTS will be quite hard to be fully implemented in school. However, with the fresh English curriculum introduced by the Ministry of Education starting from year 2010, I really hold off that students will be further exposed with new ways of teaching and learning in English.It was stated that the change of the curriculum involves the language art and grammar components with focus on fun learning as well as the ability converse in Standard English, with emphasis on pronunciation and phonics (Ministry of Education, 2009). If the changes are actually applied a nd assessments are made on the result, I am certain that we can do better in enlightening the teaching and learning of English in Malaysia and at the same time produce students who are able to think critically and creatively in any situations.REFERENCESBeyer, B. (1987). Practical Strategies for the Teaching of Thinking. capital of Massachusetts Ally and Bacon Inc.Kamarul Kabilan ( 2000) .Creative and Critical Thinking in language Classroom.The internet TESL Journal, Vol. VI, No. 6, June 2000 retrieved 16th April 2010 from http//iteslj.org/Techniques/Kabilan-CriticalThinking.htmlMoore,K.D. (2005). Effective instructional strategies from theory to practice. California Sage Publications IncNurliza Othman (2002) Thinking Skills A motivational Factor in ELT. Jurnal Pendidikan IPBA (2) 5 2002 101-109White, R.V. (1995) .New Ways in Teaching Writing. USA Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages ,Inc

Growing Up With Nature – William Wordsworth’s “Nutting”

Touch-for there is spirit in the woods. That small extract from William Wordsworths Nutting represents very well the foot by means ofout the poems I will look at, the bow of growing up with nature and how nature teaches and guides him through life.In the poem Nutting Wordsworth starts off the day as he has done many times before, going out and looking for chestnuts, the childhood ritual which all children do at one stage during their life. yet unlike before he goes to a part of the wood he has never been and which no one else has been to either, I came to one dear nookUnvisited. This uninfluenced atomic number 18a of the wood delights Wordsworth and he is overjoyed to have found it himself, A little while I stood,Breathing with such suppression of the heartAs joy delights. A shoetree full of,tempting clusters. Thisvirgin scene began to seduce Wordsworth and he falls in love with it and begins to think that he owns the tree. So of course trouble is inevitable. Then I rose,And dr agged to earth both branch and bough, with crashAnd merciless ravageDeformed and sullied, patiently gave up. Wordsworth has totally mutilated this tree and feels rich beyond the wealth of kings. He really does feel delighted with the work he has just now done but as the reality of it sets in and the picture of what this scene once was begins to give Wordsworth a sense of pain. This pain caused by the anguish of what he has just done to this defenceless tree. From this sense of guilt trip Wordsworth begins to realise that there is a spirit in the woods. And the foundations for his future beliefs in pantheism have been set. Wordsworth has moved on from his previous thought of a tree just being an object but now believes it has a kind of life force in it.In the poem The Prelude (I) Wordsworth follows a similar theme of growing up. In this poem young Wordsworth takes a boat which is not his and he is feeling very adventurous. It was an act of stealthAnd troubled pleasure. He entangle very good when he took the boat and was having a very good time, until Wordsworth realises what he has done wrong but this is not realised until he reaches his terminal in the lake. The horizons bound, a huge peak, black and huge,As if with voluntary power instinctUpreared its head. This is the climax of the poem and helps show the sudden change in mood. Wordsworth is gayly rowing the boat when suddenly this huge big thing shows itself. To Wordsworth this is some sort of hideous creature. But in fact as you go through the poem you learn that this is the first few signs of his developing conscience. For many days my brainWorked with a dim and undetermined senseOf unknown modes of being over my thoughtsThere hung a huge darkness.moved slowly through the mindBy day, and were a trouble to my brain. These show the signs of a blameable conscience, guilty from knowing he took the boat a conscience Wordsworth is being taught about from nature and it again points to his emerging belief o f Pantheism, that nature is God.The main focus in this poem The Prelude (II) is that of moving on. The poem has a picturesque setting of the twilight gloom This type of light however would tell Wordsworth to go inside, as if nature was telling him as a parent calls their children. But I heeded not their summons. So he carried on All shod with steel,We hissed along on the polished ice in games a nice use of alliteration to convey the movement of ice skating. But Wordsworth being a Pantheist he cannot stay so he wonders off not seldom from the uproar I retired. Wordsworth here shows his poetic ability and understanding of nature because he realises that the hills are melancholic. His subconscious understanding of nature forces him to go off and explore. What he realises is that everything around him is moving. With visible motion her diurnal roundBehind me did they stretch in terrific train,Feebler and feebler, and I stood and watchedTill all was tranquil as dreamless sleep.As a chil d he is travelling with the spirit of nature.I think everyone could affiliate to Wordsworth poems in someway I know that I can relate to his feeling of a spirit in the woods. When I was lost I in the woods I felt as if someone was there showing where to go. So I will end on this note Touch-for there is a spirit in the woods.

Britain’s Social Policy

Britains National Health Service (NHS), set up by the surgical incision of Heath in July 1848 as a health get by provision, is found on its citizens needs not ability to pay. The discussion section of Health oversees the NHS with funds provided through taxpayers (History of the NHS, n. d. ). Launched as a single organization, the NHS was founded around 14 regional hospital boards in three segments consisting of hospital servicings family stretchs, dentists, opticians and pharmacists and topical anesthetic authority health earns, including community nursing and health visiting (Ibid).As with any ordinary service agency, changes are imminent. Since 1948, the NHS has undergone major changes in the organizational structure of the agency and in the manner in which patient run are provided. While the NHS proved salutary to Britains citizens, there remained negatives in the course of study. In spite of improvements and successes, the NHS food was still rationed, building material s were short, and there was a substantive economic crisis and a shortage of fuel. In spite of efforts to improve conditions, the war created a accommodate crisis in addition to the post-war reconstruction of cities.The New Towns Act (1946) created major new middles of tribe, but each center was in need of health services. During the boundary from 1948 to 1957 (History of the NHS), the agency underwent administrative difficulties, financial problems, criticism over minimal fees charges to recipients (e. g. a flat rate of ? 1 for unremarkable dental treatment) (Ibid), problems balancing all responsibilities and demands of the government and ordinary, and maintaining medical professional and community health issues. By 1960, the NHS began to see tyrannical changes. The introduction of improved drugs hap to better treatment to citizens.It was during this period that the polio vaccine was introduced along with dialysis for chronic renal failure and chemotherapy for certain cance rs were developed (NHS, n. d. ). As time progressed, through 1967, problems concerning doctors pay arose. However, some of the problems were resolved through the Royal Commission. Like the reformation in pay structures, improved management conditions also became a epochal concern. In fact, the NHS introduced a Hospital Activity Analysis to enable medical professionals and managers better patient-based information (NHS, n.d. ). Furthermore, the 1960s brought slightly a change in partition as medical staff was divided into specialty groups, tether to additional criticism (e. g. the 1962 Porritt Report called for unification) (NHS). Also launched in 1962 was Enoch Powells Hospital Plan, a ten-year program approving the development of district general hospitals for areas with populations of about 125,000 (NHS), advocating new postgraduate education centers, and giving nurses and doctors a better opportunity for education and future custom and stability.In 1967, recommendations for developing a senior nursing staff structure and moving forward with advancements in hospital management were made in the Salmon Report, time the Cogwheel Report marked the first report on the organization of doctors in hospitals. By 1968, the NHS boasted clinical and organization optimism. However, the optimism was short-lived. Medical progress was notable (e. g. comprehension of endoscopy and Computerized Axial Tomography scanning), including an extension of investigative groups.Also prevalent during the period of 1968 to 1977, transplant surgery became widely used, pharmaceutical improvements were evident, and intensive assistance units gave the NHS a renewed palpate of how medical care would be provided to its citizens. This renewed spirit was short-lived with the mergence of Lassa Fever. The general intrust charter encouraged the formation of primary health care teams, new group practice grounds and a rapid increase in the number of health centers.Additionally, this period saw a change in the Governments Hospital Plan as new hospitals began to provide even more people with improved and local services. Also indicative of state-of-the-art changes is the arrival of information technology through health service computerization and clinical budgeting (NHS). Nevertheless, advancements did not remove the continue debate concerning the organizational structure of the NHS. In 1974, a new system was introduced, but conflict continued combined with an increase in inflation.When inflation reached 26 percent, a wage restraint was enacted. consort to the NHS, industrial action hit the NHS while consultants were also alienated by proposals to reduce private practice within the service (NHS, n. d. ). NHS historical sources re previous(a) that by 1978 the NHS had become a victim of its own success (n. d. ). Changes were imminent. The introduction of new technology and multifaceted treatment methods led the NHS and its governing forces to realize additional advanceme nts were imperative.By the late 1980s, the NHS reported highly recognized advances, including the areas of primary health care, genetic engineering, successful drug advancements, and the introduction of the MRI of which the agency states the number of operations for fractured neck or femur and osteoarthritis of the hip was reaching almost epidemic proportionsincreasing numbers of heart and liver transplants were being performed and surgical treatment for heart indisposition was becoming more common (n. d. ).In spite of the positive changes, the NHS continued to face on constant dilemma financial stability. Increasing demand for services exceeded the resources available, leading to the mandated audit process of what NHS professionals were doing. By 1987, the NHSs medical staff was in debt (NHS, n. d. ), waiting lists were increasing, and hospital wards were being closed (n. d. ). The NHS reports the period of 1988 to 1997 as its most significant cultural shift since its inception wi th the introduction of the so-called internal market (NHS, n. d. ).A 1989 White Paper, Working for Patients, was passed into law (Community Care Act 1990). Leading up to the starting signal of the 1990s, the NHS saw the emergence of the internal market while health organizations became NHS trusts (independent, competing organizations with their own managements). By 1991, the NHS reported 57 Trusts, with all care provided by Trust at the end of 1995. All of the changes marked what the agency calls the New NHS and defines this change as modern, dependable (NHS, n. d. ). The new NHS operates under six principles of which take on The renewal of the NHS as a genuinely national service, offering fair access to consistently high quality, prompt and accessible services right across the country To make the tar of healthcare against these new national standards a matter of local responsibility, with local doctors and nurses in the driving seat in shaping services To get the NHS to ciphe r in partnership, breaking down organizational barriers and forging stronger links with local authorities To drive efficiency through a more rigorous onslaught to performance, cutting bureaucracy to maximize every pound spent in the NHS for the care of patients To shift the focus onto quality of care so that excellence would be guaranteed to all patients, with quality the driving force for decision-making at every level of the service To rebuild public confidence in the NHS as a public service, accountable to patients, open to the public and shaped by their views. (Six Principles) Of all influences on the changes in the social policies of Britain the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 has had the greatest impact. In fact, before the Act, most of Britains health and public services were planned and provided by health and local authorities (Commissioning the New NHS, 1998).The Act divided the determination of health and local authorities by changing their internal structure thereby g iving local authority departments responsibility for assessing the needs of the local population and then purchasing the necessary services from providers (1998). However, under the terms of the Act, a select number of health and social services authorities opted out of what would retrieve competing with other providers to work together in other sections of the community (e. g. voluntary groups and housing associations) (1998).Under a mixed economy of care (NHS), social policies evolved to also include a service specification inviting providers to tender for the contract to provide those services (Commissioning the New NHS, 1998). This mixed economy was intended as a tool to get citizens a variety of health care choices. However, according the Department of Heaths report (1998) Some local authorities chose to purchase services as part of a block contract (where a certain service is provided for a fixed equipment casualty and a fixed length of time).Purchasing services in this way may actually reduce choice for the individual, as frequently no alternatives (outside those provided by the block contract) are made available. Key Elements of Housing constitution Post-war housing policy is believed to rescue been a notable success (Ball, 1983). Since the days following the war, the physical housing situation in Britain has improved dramatically. In the period of the 1950s to 1980, Britain had seen a significant net gain of 200-250,000 dwellings each year (p. 2).In fact, Ball (1983) reports that millions of slums have been demolished and thousands of other dwellings have been renovated to meet modern standards (1983). Britains housing conditions have seen a significant improvement, specifically into the 1980s. In fact, the change was so dramatic that less than 5 percent of dwellings were overcrowded. Improvements in housing includes the inclusion of a bath/shower and an inside toilet. Of all policies in post-war Britain, the 1977 Housing insurance policy Review was the best moment of all changes in housing provision.By the early 1980s, however, rejoicing disappeared and a growing housing crisis became a concern once again. According to Ball (1983), Britains post-war housing record has been poor compared with other West European countries. While all experienced a housing boom from the late 1950s to the early 1970s, Britains population size resulted in its trailing behindhand other countries house building rates (see Table 1), most predominately those with a similar welfare state social democratic tradition. Key elements of the housing policies includes the Department of Healths responsibilities to Identify local market information on the supply of housing, care and support services for older and disabled people bother support on developing and implementing regional and local housing with care action plans Obtain advice on public and private sector capital and receipts streams to inform business investment decisions Disseminate guida nce on the DHs Extra Care Housing fund and grant allocation arrangements Facilitate the variant of unafraid practice to local settings Support successful applicants with the development process and share their learning with unsuccessful applicants Access knowledge management tools to support practice development and service improvement. Secure funding to research, test and evaluate new and innovative models of housing with care solutions support Offer training and consultancy resources to support service development and change management processes and Convene regional LIN meetings to identify and share what works (Department of Health, 2007). According to Gummer (2005), in the 25 years since the UKs right to buy housing policy, approximately 2 million families have become homeowners, changing the way Britains housing policies and market is perceived.The right to buy policy open up opportunity to a whole new group giving them a stake in the community that they had never had before (p. 69). However, in spite of the positive changes, Gummer (2005) reports that Britain continues to receive criticism with the most cited concern being that the sale of council houses means there is a shortage of homes to let (p. 69). Contrary to the positives, negative critism has surfaced, including a sustain Journal article (Penny, 2005) stating that social housing schemes could be about to receive a much-needed shot in the arm as well as a much-needed boost from the private sector (p.40). Penny (2005) argues the impracticability of Britains urging to commit to a social housing PFI. Unless you know exactly what you are fetching on, anyone involved in such a scheme could be taking a huge risk, argues Penny (p. 40). The author, among others, believe that the proposed new NHS LIFT approach indicates the public sector retains an interest in the scheme of which Penny also argues will sidestep tenants objections to being put into the hands of a firm being poke out solely to generate profit (Ibid).Despite obvious objections, the Contract Journal (Penny, 2005) does see positive aspects of moving to NHS LIFT-style management and asserts that a move flexible program would benefit the public in more ways than better housing alone. Based on references concerning LIFT-style initiatives (NHS LIFT Guidance, 2007 Penny, 2005 Millet, 2005) the program addresses almost all concerns in social housing, including the continued coverage of health and schools. As time progresses, Britains housing policy changes continue to be focus of debates on just how much of the changes are for the good of citizens and how much is political agenda.One must question the validity of various housing programs, including the current and forthcoming plans for housing for the elderly. One such program is the Wanless Telecare proposal (Housing LIN Policy brief, 2006) that the Audit Commission defines as any service that brings health and social care directly to a user, generally in their o wn homes, supported by communication and information technology. Data is collected through sensors, fed into a home hub and sent electronically to a monitoring center (2006, p.1). According to the Briefing document (2006), Britains government believes the Telecare program can help older people to remain in their homes for longer (p. 1). However, while the program proposal defines the cost associated with implementing the program as modest (2006, p. 2), they are high, specifically to the homeowner. The set up fee of a basic home safety package costs about ? 360 plus monitoring costs of ? 5 per week. Home health monitoring is more expensive, around ? 700 and ? 10 per week monitoring costs.Given these high figures, combined with the already luminous housing problems with the elderly, how can such a program benefit citizens? According to the Audit Commissions review of the Telecare housing safety program, Telecare equipment and services provide the opportunity to react to hazardous even ts and to alert and prevent deterioration in an individuals ability to care for themselves (2006, p. 3). One specific indicator lamp study (West Lothian Opening Doors for Older People, 1999 quoted in Department of Health White Paper, 2006) for the inclusion of Telecare valueed 10,000 households in the West Lothian district age 60 or over.The survey purpose was to reveal the validity of Telecare inclusion as a possible means of reengineering services for older people to include the development of extra care housing and changes to home care services. According to the survey, implementing Telecare on its own without wider system improvements is a wasted opportunity. In fact, the survey revealed Telecare is not a cut price alternative to personal care, but sits alongside it A technology driven approach does not work A focus on cost miserliness/shunting does not work A high level of commitment at senior level is required West Lothian has found minimal interest from the local NHS i n telecare/telemedicine possibilities (Department of Health, 2006 Audit Commission, 2004 Brownsell et al, 2001). Understanding the changes in Britains housing policy since 1979 enables its citizens to better equip themselves for what future changes may come. In fact, Britains housing policies have fluctuated, indicating a positive change and declining to criticism and little faith of its citizens. While the government is consistently working toward bettering its housing policies, there remains many avenues up to now to be explored. ReferencesAudit Commission (2004). Older People Implementing Telecare. London Audit Commission. Ball, M. (1983). Housing Policy and Economic Power The Political Economy of Owner Occupation. Methuen London. Brownsell, S et al (2001). An attributable cost model for a telecare system using advanced community alarms. Journal of Telecare and Telemedicine, Volume 7. _______________ (1998). Commissioning the new NHS, 1999/2000. Department of Health, HSC (98) 19 8. Department of Health (2007). Official website. Crown, retrieved January 11, 2007 from http//www. dh. gov. uk/Home/fs/en Department of Health White Paper (2006).Our health, our care, our say a new vision for community services. London The letter paper Office. Gummer, J. (2005, Nov 5). Right to buy was the right move for everyone. Estates Gazette, Issue 544, 69. Millet, C. (2005, Oct 10). Social housing set for LIFT-style deals. Contract Journal, Vol. 430 Issue 6545, 1. ______________ (2007). NHS LIFT Guidance. Crown, retrieved January 10, 2007 from http//www. dh. gov. uk/ProcurementAndProposals/PublicPrivatePartnership/NHSLIFT/N HSLIFTGuidance/fs/en Penny, E. (2005, Oct 10). Editors Comment. Contract Journal, Vol. 430 Issue 6545, 40. United Nations Statistical Yearbook 1978

Pluribus Unum: How Then/How Now

E Pluribus Unum is a Latin stipulation that has been used in the US coin since 1776. The term which directly translates to out of may one became a de detailo motto for the US till it was replaced by In God We Trust in 1956. Understanding the relevance of the phrase and the habit that it has compete in the ideas that have been and are being adopted by the US is important in developing an understanding of its implication. In its original engagement the term E Pluribus Unum was used to portray the nature of US as a nation originating from an amalgamation of thirteen kingdoms.The use of E Pluribus Unum as a leading political orientation in strategies that the US employed in its involvement in the world warfares and those that it employed thereafter led to its being labeled a melting pot. It is worth noting that the US did not engage in the initial phases of both the second and first word war but only played parts in the last critical stages and rebuilding nations that engaged in th e wars. E Pluribus Unum implies that the US as a nation embraced a culture where diametrical communities and cultural backgrounds came together in peaceful coexistence.The involvement of the US in the uphold World War was thus aimed at ensuring the end to a flagellum to development of homogeneous nations. Under this consideration, the US was against war not the Germans and the ideals driven by the Nazi who sought superiority over other races. The engagement of the US in rebuilding nations that were appreciative of capitalism goes in hand with developing a homogeneous society an objective that is central to E Pluribus Unum. Development of a common ideology through antithetic approaches in a society that is appreciative of this ideology is important to propagation of E Pluribus Unum.Employment of different approaches is allowed however, the ideologies that underpin the different approaches should be uniform throughout the different groups. Capitalism as a system that brought toget her Western Europe nations that were worst affected by the Second World War and the US is basically developed under the same principles that define E Pluribus Unum. It is worth noting that capitalism employed in an economical surround is delineate by an environment where there are a number of players who seek common goals but have different resource ability referable to the free market ideology.Capitalism as an ideology ensures the development of markets where different players are presented with the same opportunities and success is thereby defined by resource ability and levels of presidency that the different business entities afford in harnessing their opportunities. Such environments as it current is are defined by a large number of players and high levels of opposition though the rules that players have to pay by are equally defined for all players. No one nation allows more immigrants into its society than the US.Open immigration policies that defined the period just aft er the second world war and have been a hallmark of US foreign policy before increase in awareness on the effects of immigration and terrorist act are all in line with the development of a society where different nationalities can go far into the US and get absorbed into its culture to aid the development of its economy. The US allows more immigrant than any other nation and plays an important part in spherical policies especially in addressing issues that it steps are of global importance.One of the key reasons given by successive US Presidents before invasion of nations or pronouncement of war against terrorism or even drugs is based on such nations purported support for ideologies that are detrimental to the development of a homogeneous society. The war against Vietnam, invasion of communist nations, war against terrorism and the Iraq invasion to seek weapons of mass destruction have all been done under the premise of ensuring global peace and unity by dealings with threats that are of global stature.Globalization and technological development are variables in the present environment that define the levels of success that nations attain harnessing opportunities present in their environments. In fact globalism and technological development especially information technology plays a large part in shaping up a global economy that is preponderantly capitalistic. The US has played large part in globalization for it is the home of many multinationals that shape the global economy.The European Union which is a global economic force resulted from a pronounced need for common bargaining and so are a number of regional trading blocks that have come into existence. A technological development like the GPRS global positioning system that is under the control of the US political relation places it in a position where it is able to varan other nations while providing them with a critical technology the same can be said of satellite technology.A recent manifestation of the E Pluribus Unum is the 2008 economic crisis which shows that the ideology has spread all over the globe. Each nation is defined by its own approaches to economic development despite the advent of globalization. The SubPrime crisis that started in the US had contradict effects on other nations hence the global stature of the crisis. This is a manifestation of the E Pluribus Unum in a wrong light where all feel the negative effect of an act or a crisis even if they were not involved in its perpetuation.In God We Trust may have replace E Pluribus Unum as the official motto for the US government and its people however its manifestation is clear in both policies developed by the US government and variables that affect the economic environment defined by the US. Both negative and positive effects of its manifestation have been experienced thus though E Pluribus Unum came into being as depiction of the thirteen kingdoms that originally merged to from the US it has developed to be representative of the US and the globe.

Leading Clever Perople

HBR highlight How to Manage the Most dexterous How do you manage state who arrogatet want to be led and may be smarter than you? CLEVER PEOPLE by Rob G murderee and G atomic number 18th Jones LEADING F ranz Humer, the chief operating officer and lead of the Swiss pharma- ceutical giant Roche, knows how dif? cult it is to ? nd good ideas. In my headache of inquiry, economies of scale dont exist, he reckons. Glob tot t let out ensembleyy to twenty-four hours we spend $4 one thousand thousand on R&D each year. In research thither arnt economies of scale, there are economies of ideas. For a growing number of companies, according to Humer, war-ridden advantage lies in the ability to create an economy driven not by cost ef? ciencies however by ideas and intellectual know-how. In practice this path that leadership mother to create an environ workforcet in which what we call apt large number barelytocks thrive. These large number are the handful of employees whose ideas, knowledge, and skills give them the po 10tial to drive disproportionate value from the resources their organizations make available to them. Think, for example, of the software Stephen webster 72 Harvard Business Review blemish 2007 hbr. orgHBR Spotlight How to Manage the Most Talented programmer who creates a new piece of code or the pharmaceutical detective who formulates a new drug. Their single innovations may bankroll an entire guild for a decade. head executives today nearly all recognize the importance of having extremely smart and highly creative mess on staff. But attracting them is only half the battle. As Martin Sorrell, the chief executive of WPP, one of the worlds largest communications services companies, told us recently, mavin of the biggest repugns is that there are diseconomies of scale in creative industries.If you stunt woman the number of creative community, it doesnt mean you get out be twice as creative. You must not only attract talent but in like manner foster an environment in which your disposed(p) mint are inspired to achieve their fullest potential in a way that produces wealth and value for all your stakeholders. Thats tough. If cunning tribe micturate one de? ning characteristic, it is that they do not want to be led. This understandably creates a problem for you as a leader. The challenge has only become greater with globalization. canny people are more mobile than ever before they are as likely to be based in Bangalore or Beijing as in Boston. That performer they piddle more opportunities Theyre not waiting around for their pensions they know their value, and they expect you to know it too. We have spent the past 20 years studying the issue of leadershipin particular, what followers want from their leaders. Our methods are sociological, and our data come from case studies or else than anonymous random surveys. Our predominant method consists of loosely structured interviews, lever people is very differen t from the one they have with traditional followers. Clever people want a high degree of organizational protection and recognition that their ideas are important. They also demand the freedom to explore and fail. They expect their leaders to be intellectually on their planebut they do not want a leaders talent and skills to outshine their confess. Thats not to say that all happy people are alike, or that they follow a single path. They do, however, share a number of de? ning characteristics. Lets take a feel at some of those now.Understanding Clever People Contrary to what we have been led to believe in recent years, CEOs are not utterly at the mercy of their highly creative and extremely smart people. Of course, some very talented individuals artists, musicians, and other free agents can produce remarkable results on their own. In most cases, however, cute people regard the organization as much as it needs them. They cannot function effectively without the resources it provi des. The classical musician needs an orchestra the research scientist needs funding and the facilities of a ? st-class laboratory. They need more than just resources, however as the head of development for a global accounting ? rm put it, your clever people can be sources of great ideas, but unless they have systems and discipline they may deliver very little. Thats the good give-and-take. The bad news is that all the resources and systems in the world are useless unless you have clever If clever people have one de? ning characteristic, it is that they do not want to be led. This clearly creates a problem for you as a leader. and our discipline draws primarily from ? e contexts sciencebased businesses, grocery storeing services, professional services, the media, and ? nancial services. For this article, we spoke with more than 100 leaders and their clever people at leading organizations such as PricewaterhouseCoopers, Electronic Arts, Cisco Systems, Credit Suisse, Novartis, KPMG , the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), WPP, and Roche.The more we talked to these people, the clearer it became that the psychological relationship leaders have with their people to make the most of them. Worse, they know very well that you must mploy them to get their knowledge and skills. If an organization could capture the knowledge embedded in clever peoples minds and networks, all it would need is a better knowledge-management system. The failure of such systems to capture tacit knowledge is one of the great disappointments of knowledge-management initiatives to date. The attitudes that clever people display toward their organizations re? ect their scent out of self-worth. Weve found most Rob Goffee (emailprotected edu) is a professor of organizational behavior at London Business school in England. Gareth Jones (emailprotected london. du) is a visiting professor at Insead in Fontainebleau, France, and a fellow of the Centre for Management Development at London Busine ss School. Goffee and Jones are also the founding partners of Creative Management Associates, an organizational consulting ? rm in London. Their HBR article Managing Authenticity was published in December 2005. 74 Harvard Business Review March 2007 hbr. org guide Clever People of them to be scornful of the language of hierarchy. Although they are acutely aware of the salaries and bonuses attached to their work, they ofttimes treat promotions with indifference or regular(a) contempt.So dont expect to lure or retain them with fancy job titles and new responsibilities. They will want to stay close to the real work, often to the detriment of relationships with the people they are supposed to be managing. This doesnt mean they dont care about statusthey do, often passionately. The same researcher who affects not to know his job title may insist on being called touchor professor. The point is that clever people feel they are part of an external professional community that renders th e organizational chart meaningless. Not only do they gain career bene? s from networking, but they construct their sense of self from the feedback generated by these extra-organizational connections. This indifference to hierarchy and bureaucracy does not make clever people politically naive or disconnected. The chairman of a major news organization told us about a globally famous journalist an exemplar of the very clever and skeptical people driving the news businesswho in the newsroom appears deeply suspicious of every(prenominal)thing the suits are doing. But in reality he is astute about how the company is being led and what strategical direction it is taking.While publicly expressing disdain for the business side, he privately asks penetrating questions about the organizations growth prospects and relationships with important customers. He is also an communicatory champion of the organization in its dealings with politicians, media colleagues, and customers. You wouldnt in vite him to a strategy meeting with a 60-slide PowerPoint presentation, but you would be wise to keep him certified of key developments in the business. Like the famous journalist, most clever people are quick to recognize insincerity and respond badly to it.David Gardner, the COO of general studios for Electronic Arts (EA), knows this because he oversees a lot of clever people. EA has 7,200 employees worldwide developing interactive entertainment software derived from FIFA Soccer, The Sims, The Lord of the Rings, and Harry Potter, among others. If I look back at our failures, Gardner told us,they have been when there were too many rah-rahs and not enough content in our dealings with our people. People are not fooled. So when there are issues or things that need to be worked out, straightforward dialogue is important, out of respect for their intellectual capabilities. Seven Things You Need to Know About Clever People leading should be aware of the characteristics most clever peo ple share, which collectively make them a dif? cult crew to manage. 1. They know their worth. The tacit skills of clever people are closer to those of medieval guilds than to the standardized, codi? able, and communicable skills that characterized the Industrial Revolution. This means you cant transfer the knowledge without the people. 2. They are organizationally savvy. Clever people will ? nd the company context in which their interests will be most generously funded. If the funding dries up, they have a couple of optionsThey can displace on to a place where resources are plentiful, or they can dig in and require in elaborate politics to advance their pet projects. 3. They disregard collective hierarchy. If you seek to motivate clever people with titles or promotions, you will probably be met with cold disdain. But dont assume this means they dont care about status they can be very particular about it, and may insist on being called doctor or professor. 4. They expect instant access. If clever people dont get access to the CEO, they may regain the organization does not take their work seriously. 5. They are well connected.Clever people are usually plugged into highly developed knowledge networks who they know is often as important as what they know. These networks both increase their value to the organization and make them more of a ? ight risk. 6. They have a low boredom threshold. In an era of employee mobility, if you dont engage your clever people intellectually and inspire them with organizational purpose, they will walk out the door. 7. They wont thank you. Even when youre leading them well, clever people will be unwilling to recognize your leadership. Remember, these creative individuals feel that they dont need to be led.Measure your success by your ability to confront on the fringes of their radar. Managing Organizational Rain Given their mind-set, clever people see an organizations administrative machinery as a distraction from their key val ueadding activities. So they need to be protected from what we call organizational rain the rules and politics associated with any big-budget activity. When leaders get this right, they hbr. org March 2007 Harvard Business Review 75 HBR Spotlight How to Manage the Most Talented can establish exactly the productive relationship with clever people that they want.In an academic environment, this is the dean freeing her virtuoso professor from the burden of departmental authorities at a newspaper, it is the editor allowing the investigative reporter to skip editorial meetings in a fast-moving multinational consumer goods company, it is the leader ? ltering requests for selective information from the head of? ce so the consumer pro? ler is free to essay with a new marketing plan. Organizational rain is a big issue in the pharmaceutical business. Drug development is hugely expensive indus fork outwide, the average cost of bringing a drug to market is about $800 million and not eve ry drug can go the distance.As a result, the politics surrounding a decision can be ferocious. Unless the CEO provides cover, promising projects may be permanently derailed, and the people involved may lose con? dence in the organizations ability to aid them. The protective role is one that Arthur D. Levinson, Genentechs CEO and a talented scientist in his own right, knows how to play. When the drug Avastin failed in Phase III clinical trials in 2002, Genentechs share price dropped by 10% 76 Harvard Business Review overnight. Faced with that kind of pressure, some leaders would have pulled the plug on Avastin.Not Levinson He believes in letting his clever people decide. Once or twice a year, research scientists have to defend their work to Genentechs Research Review Committee, a group of 13 PhDs who decide how to allocate the research budget and whether to terminate projects. This gives rise to a rigorous debate among the clever people over the science and the direction of resear ch. It also insulates Levinson from accusations of favouritism or short-termism. And if the RRC should kill a project, the researchers are not only not ? red, they are asked what they want to work on ext. Roche owns 56% of Genentech, and Franz Humer stands foursquare behind Levinson. Leading clever people, Humer told us, is especially dif? cult in hard times. You can look at Genentech now and say what a great company, he said,but for ten years Genentech had no new products and spent between $500 million and $800 million on research every year. The pressure on me to close it obliterate or transfer the culture was enormous. Avastin was eventually approved in February 2004 in 2005 it had sales of $1. 13 billion. March 2007 hbr. org Leading Clever PeopleHaving a leader whos prepared to protect his clever people from organizational rain is necessary but not suf? cient. Its also important to minimize the rain by creating an atmosphere in which rules and norms are simple and universally accepted. These are often called representative rules, from the classic Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, by the sociologist Alvin Gouldner, who distinguished among environments where rules are ignored by all (mock bureaucracy), environments where rules are imposed by one group on another (punishment-centered bureaucracy), and environments where rules are accepted by all (representative bureaucracy).Representative rules, including risk rules in banks, sabbatical leave rules in academic institutions, and integrity rules in professional services ? rms, are precisely the ones that clever people respond to best. Savvy leaders take stairs to streamline rules and to promote a culture that values simplicity. A well-known example is Herb Kelleher, the CEO of Southwest Airlines, who threw the companys rule leger out the window. Another is Greg Dyke, who when he was the director general of the BBC discovered a mass of bureaucratic rules, often contradictory, which produced an infuriating organizational immobilisme.Nothing could be better reason to discourage the clever people on whom the reputation and future success of the BBC depended. Dyke launched an irreverent cut the crap program, liberating creative energy while exposing those who had been blaming the rules for their own inadequacies. He creatively engaged employees in the campaignfor example, suggesting that they pull out a yellow card (used to caution players in soccer games) whenever they encountered a impaired rule. Recruiting People with the Right Stuff Clever people require a peer group of like-minded individuals. Universities have long understood this.Hire a star professor and you can be sure the aspiring young PhDs in that discipline will ? ock to your institution. This happens in business as well. In the investment banking world, everyone watches where the cleverest lease to work. Goldman Sachs, for example, cherishes its reputation as the home of the brightest and best a bank that seeks to overta ke it must be positioned as a place where cleverness thrives. For this reason, the CEOs of companies that rely on clever people keep a close watch on the recruiting of stars. Bill Gates eternally sought out the cleverest software programmers for littlesoft.From the start, Gates insisted that his company required the very best minds he understood that they act as a magnet for other clever people. Sometimes he intervened personally in the recruitment process A particularly talented programmer who needed a little additional persuasion to join the company business leader take a personal call from Gates. Very ? attering and very effective. Although you need to recruit clever stars, you must also make sure that your culture celebrates clever ideas. In an effort to create stars, some media organizations divide their employees into creatives and administrative support staff.Thats a big mistake. It makes about as much sense as recruiting men only you automatically cut your talent pool in half. The ad agency Bartle Bogle Hegarty doesnt make this mistake. Many of its most successful executives started as assistants but were given the space to grow and express their cleverness. Not surprisingly, BBH has long been regarded as one of the most creative ad agencies in the world. At the heart of its corporate culture is the maxim Respect ideas, wherever they come from. Letting a Million Flowers Bloom Companies whose success depends on clever people dont place all their bets n a single horse. For a large company like Roche, that simple notion drives big decisions about corporate agree and M&A. Thats why Humer decided to sell off a large stake in Genentech. I insisted on selling 40% on the stock market, he told us. Why? Because I wanted to preserve the companys different culture. I believe in diverseness diversity of culture, diversity of origin, diversity of behavior, and diversity of view. For similar reasons, Roche limits its ownership of the Japanese pharmaceutical company Chugai to 51%.By keeping the clever people in all three companies at arms length, Humer can be con? ent that they will advance different goals My people in the Roche research organization decide on what they think is right and wrong. I hear debates where the Genentech researchers say,This program youre running will never lead to a product. You are on the wrong target. This is the wrong chemical structureit will prove to be toxic. And my guys say, No, we dont think so. And the two views never meet. So I say to Genentech, You do what you want, and we will do what we want at Roche, and in ? ve years time we will know. Sometimes you will be right and sometimes we will be right. Maintaining that diversity is Humers most challenging task there is always pressure within a large organization to unify and to direct from above. Companies that value diversity are not afraid of failure. Like venture capitalists, they know that for every successful hbr. org March 2007 Harvard Busi ness Review 77 HBR Spotlight How to Manage the Most Talented The Traitorous Eight Ineffective leadership of clever people can be costly. Consider the cautionary tale of William Shockley, a London-born research scientist who worked at bell shape Labs after World War II.In 1947 Shockley was recognized as a coinventor of the transistor, and in 1956 he was awarded a Nobel Prize. He left Bell Labs in 1955 and founded Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, in Mountain View, California. His academic reputation attracted some of the cleverest people in electronics, including Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore (of Moores Law fame). Shockley was blessed with a brilliant mind. Noyce described him as a howling(a) intuitive problem solver, and Moore said he had a phenomenal physical intuition. But his leadership skills fell far short of his intellectual brilliance.On one matter Shockley asked some of his younger employees how he might stoke their enthusiasm. Several expressed a wish to publish resea rch papers. So Shockley went home, wrote a paper, and the next day offered to let them publish it under their own names. He meant well but led poorly. On another occasion, Shockley instituted a secret project within a project. Although only 50 or so peo ple were employed in his laboratory, the group assigned to work on his new idea (which, according to Shockley, had the potential to enemy the transistor) was not allowed to discuss the project with other colleagues.It wasnt long before rumblings of discontent at Shockleys leadership style turned mutinous. The situation deteriorated and a disenchanted group the Traitorous Eight left to found Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 Fairchild revolutionized computing . through its work on the silicon transistor. It also threw off a slew of clever people who went on to start up or develop some of the best-known companies in the industry Bob Noyce and Gordon Moore (Intel), Jerry Sanders (Advanced Micro Devices), and Charlie Sporck (National Se miconductor) were all former employees of Fairchild.Through his poor leadership, Shockley inadvertently laid the cornerstone of Silicon Valley. He brought together some of the best scientists in the ? eld of electronics, many of whom might otherwise not have remained in the region. And he created conditions that provoked his brilliant employees to strike out on their own. new pharmaceutical product, dozens have failed for every hit record, hundreds are duds. The assumption, obviously, is that the successes will more than recover the costs of the failures. Take the case of the drinks giant Diageo.Detailed analysis of customer data indicated an opening in the market for an alcoholic beverage with particular appeal to younger consumers. Diageo experimented with many potential productsbeginning with predictable combinations like rum and coke, rum and blackcurrant juice, gin and tonic, vodka and fruit juice. no(prenominal) of them seemed to work. After almost a dozen tries, Diageos clev er people tried something riskier citrus-? avored vodka. Smirnoff Ice was born a product that has contributed to a fundamental change in its market sector.Its easy to accept the necessity of failure in theory, but each failure represents a setback for the clever people who gambled on it. Smart leaders will help their clever people to live with their failures. Some years ago, when three of Glaxos high-tech antibiotics all failed in the ? nal stages of clinical trial, Richard Sykes who went on to become chairman of Glaxo Wellcome and later of GlaxoSmithKline sent letters of congratulation to the team leaders, thanking them for their hard work but also for killing the drugs, and back up them to move on to the next challenge.EAs David Gardner, too, recognizes that his business is hit driven, but he realizes that not even his most gifted game developers will always produce winners. He sees his job as supporting his successful people providing them with space and helping them move on from failed projects to new and better work. Smart leaders also recognize that the best ideas dont always come from company projects. They enable their clever people to betroth private efforts because they know there will be payoffs for the company, some direct (new business opportunities) and some indirect (ideas that can be applied in the workplace).This tradition originated in organizations like 3M and Lockheed, which allowed employees to pursue pet projects on company time. Google is the most recent example Re? ecting the entrepreneurial spirit of its founders, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, employees may spend one day a calendar week on their own start-up ideas, called Googlettes. This is known as the 20% time. (Genentech has a similar policy. ) The result is innovation at a speed that puts large bureaucratic organizations to shame. The Google-af? liated social-networking Web site Orkut is just one project that began as a Googlette.Establishing Credibility Although its importan t to make your clever people feel independent and special, its equally important to make sure they recognize their interdependence You and other people in the organization can do things that they cant. Laura Tyson, who served in the Clinton administration and has been the dean of London Business School since 2002, says, 78 Harvard Business Review March 2007 hbr. org Leading Clever People You must help clever people realize that their cleverness doesnt mean they can do other things.They may overestimate their cleverness in other areas, so you must prove that you are competent to help them. To do this you must clearly demonstrate that you are an expert in your own right. Depending on what industry you are in, your expertness will be either supplementary (in the same ? eld) or complementary (in a different ? eld) to your clever peoples expertise. At a fairness ? rm, the emphasis is on certi? cation as a prerequisite for practice at an advertising agency, its originality of ideas. I t would be hard to lead a law ? rm without credentials.You can lead an advertising agency with complementary skillshandling commercial relationships with clients, for instance, while your clever people write great copy. A man well call tom turkey Nelson, who was the marketing director of a major British brewer, is a good example of a leader Beckham, to practice a particular maneuver. When Beckham couldnt do it, Hoddle once a brilliant international player himself said, Here, Ill show you how. He performed the maneuver ? awlessly, but in the process he lost the support of his team The other players saw his move as a public humiliation of Beckham, and they wanted no part of that.The same dynamic has played out many times in business the experience of William Shockley is perhaps the most dramatic, and tragic, example (see the sidebar The Traitorous Eight). How do you avoid this kind of situation? wholeness highly effective way is to identify and relate to an informed insider among your clever people someone willing to serve as a sort of anthropologist, translation the culture and sympathizing with those who seek to understand it. This is especially important for newly recruited leaders. Parachuting in at the top and accurately reading an organization is hard work. One leader weIf you try to push your clever people, you will end up driving them away. As many leaders of highly creative people have learned, you need to be a benevolent guardian rather than a traditional boss. with complementary skills. Nelson was no expert on traditional brewing techniques or real ales. But he was known throughout the organization as Numbers Nelson for his grasp of the ? rms sales and marketing performance, and was widely respected. Nelson had an almost spiritual ability to quote, say, how many barrels of the companys beer had been sold the previous day in a given part of the country.His clear mastery of the business side gave him both authority and credibility, so the brewers took his opinions about product development seriously. For example, Nelsons reading of market tastes led to the companys development of low-alcohol beers. Leaders with supplementary expertise are perhaps more commonplace Microsofts Bill Gates emphasizes his abilities as a programmer. Michael Critelli, the CEO of Pitney Bowes, holds a number of patents in his own name. Richard Sykes insisted on being called Dr. Sykes.The title gave him respect within the professional community to which his clever people belonged in a way that being the chairman of a multinational pharmaceutical company did not. But credentialsespecially if they are supplementaryare not enough to win acceptance from clever people. Leaders must exercise great care in displaying them so as not to demotivate their clever employees. A former national soccer motorbus for England, Glenn Hoddle, asked his star player, David spoke to admitted that he initially found the winks, nudges, and silences of his new employees comp letely baf? ng. It took an interpreter someone who had worked among the clever people for years to explain the subtle nuances. Martin Sorrell likes to withdraw that he uses reverse psychology to lead his creatives at WPP If you want them to turn right, tell them to turn left. His comment reveals an important truth about managing clever people. If you try to push them, you will end up driving them away. As many leaders of extremely smart and highly creative people have learned, you need to be a benevolent guardian rather than a traditional boss.You need to create a safe environment for your clever employees encourage them to experiment and play and even fail and quietly demonstrate your expertise and authority all the while. You may sometimes begrudge the time you have to devote to managing them, but if you learn how to protect them while giving them the space they need to be productive, the reward of watching your clever people ? ourish and your organization accomplish its miss ion will make the effort worthwhile. Reprint R0703D To order, see page 145. hbr. org March 2007 Harvard Business Review 79

Case Analysis: Ski-Right Essay

I. Background of the CaseThe human face begins with bobfloat Guthrie, a retired physician and an avid skier, who realized that there was a need for a special ski helmet following the recent incidents that lead to serious head injuries for skiers. There were existing ski helmets in the market, but dockage believed that he had a chance to catch up with helmets more appealing to the people, by adding new features. docking facility took this idea as something that could not only be an outlet for his creativity, but as a way for him to make some property. He set out with the goal of making helmets that were attractive, safe and fun to wear. With this in mind, Bob came up with several(prenominal) ideas for his new helmet, which he named Ski Right. Bob wanted his helmets to be attractive, so they had to come in several colors and feature the latest bearing trends and designs.But aside from this, they excessively had to be fun and useful. To achieve this, Bob thought of putting a bui lt in AM/FM radiocommunication and cellphone to the helmets, with controls in a pad on the skiers leg or arm. Before proceeding to build the helmet, Bob thought of the possibilities of success and trial in his venture. He figured that there was a 20 percent chance that there will be an excellent market for his product, a 40 percent chance that the market will be good, a 30 percent chance that the market will just be average and a 10 percent chance that the market will be poor. With this in mind, he continued his plans. Bob found several companies that could help him build his helmets. reform-minded Products agreed to be a partner in developing Ski Right and would share in the profits and losses. Bob also discovered Leadville Barts, who specializes in bike helmets. They could be of great help in the production of the helmets itself. Bob was also talking to Talrad TR, a radio company in Florida, who had experience in making military radios. They could assist in putting the AM/FM ra dios in the Ski Right. Finally, Bob was meeting up with Celestial Cellular, who could develop the cellphones. Bob Guthrie now has to take into consideration all this information in making the decision of how to make and launch his new product, with the intention of making the most money he can as possible and avoiding failure.II. Problem StatementBobs problem now is deciding which combination of partners would result in the lift out profits for his new product, Ski Right. His first option is to partner up with Progressive Products in developing the helmets. He also has the option to ask Leadville Barts to make the helmets, which will then be taken by Progressive Products for finishing. His third option is to contract Talrad TR to make the radios for the helmets, which will then be brought to Leadville Barts and Progressive Products. Bobs fourth choice is to work with Celestial Cellular to make the cellphones which will be passed to Progressive Products for the rest of production an d distribution.His final option is to obturate about Progressive Products completely, contract the three other companies and hire some friends to assemble and market Ski Right. Other than choosing which of the options would be the best recommendation for Bob, the case also calls for us to compute the expected opportunity loss that Bob would have if he chose one option over another. The throng also has to fructify what the value of consummate(a) information is, which represents the maximum that Bob should pay in order to get perfect information. The group will also identify if Bob was logical in his approach to setting up his business and making decisions.III. Model DevelopmentThe objective of this study is to identify what would be the most advantageous course of action for Mr. Bob Guthrie. Another objective is to identify the opportunity loss in this situation as well as the value of perfect information. In all of the options available to him, Mr. Guthrie calculated the possib le profits or losses he would have for every possible state of the market. He also determined the probabilities of each of the states of market given. The information is shown in the table below.In order to meet the given objectives, the group will apply the method of decisiveness Making Under Risk due to Mr. Guthrie being aware of the probabilities of all outcomes. There is also a need to identify the possible amount of losses Mr. Guthrie may incur which means that gaining a perfect or accurate forecast would be beneficial to better clarify what is the best decision to take.V. finale afterwards applying the method of Decision Making Under Risk, based on the decision table used to sort out and categorize the information given, the group was able to analyze and interpret the results, and found out he best decision Mr. Guthrie could choose for the new product hes about to make. by and by determining the EMV for each alternative, option 2 which EMV for $2,600, came out as the highest among the other EMVs. Next, the group was able to identify the possible amount of losses Mr. Guthrie may incur. After get all the opportunity loss for each alternative, the one with the lowest value of EOL which is $14,300 is determine. The result is once again, option 2. This was made sure by getting the EVwPI and subtracting it to the maximum EMV, thus giving us the EVPI of $14,300 which is equal to the EOL we determined earlier.According to the option 2 which is getting Leadville Barts to make the helmets, and Progressive Products to finish them, LB had grand experience in making bicycle helmets which gives Mr. Guthrie a higher chance of assurance in getting the job done right, especially that he considers the flavour of the helmets to be produced. On the other hand, hes facing a greater risk since hes handing out to job to two antithetic companies.

Ngo Essay Essay

NGOs are difficult to define and classify, and the term NGO is not used consistently. As a result, there are many different classifications in use. The most common use a framework that includes orientation and level of operation. An NGOs orientation refers to the type of activities it takes on. These activities might include human rights, environmental, or development work. An NGOs level of operation indicates the scale at which an organization works, such as local, international or national. Confronting the Classification Problem Toward a Taxonomy of NGOs One of the earliest mentions of the acronym NGO was in 1945, when the UN was created.The UN, which is an inter-governmental organization, made it possible for certain approved specialized international non-state agencies or non-governmental organisations to be awarded observer status at its assemblies and some of its meetings. Later the term became used more widely. Today, according to the UN, any kind of private organization tha t is independent from government control can be termed an NGO, provided it is not-profit, non-criminal and not simply an opposition political party. Professor Peter Willetts, from the University of London, argues the definition of NGOs can be interpreted differently by various organizations and depending on a situations context.He defines an NGO as an independent voluntary association of people acting together on a ceaseless basis for some common purpose other than achieving government office, making money or illegal activities.5 In this view, two main types of NGOs are recognised according to the activities they pursue operational NGOs that deliver services and campaigning NGOs. Although Willetts proposes the operational and campaigning NGOs as a tool to differentiate the main activities of these organizations, he as well explains that a single NGO may often be engaged in both activities. Many NGOs also see them as mutually reinforcing.