Grammar schools Essay Example

Grammar schools Paper In the 15th Century the idea of schooling began, the church ran the schools. This was not available to all children; mainly boys from wealthy families could attend. It was not until the 1870s when the state became involved in the running of schools, and education was made compulsory. Mass schooling was introduced to treat people fairly and to produce a skilled work force, girls and boys were taught separately. Girls were trained in domestic competence, whilst boys were taught technical skills. Though both had ethnocentric teaching, they were taught the religion, norms and values of their own culture. After the Second World War to create a land fit for heroes, Butlers Education Act of 1944 introduced secondary education for all. This had no effect on the wealthy, as their children continued to attend private schools. Though it aimed to abolish class-based inequalities within education, by providing three types of school, where children would attend based on their ability, know as the tripartite system. The three types of school were:   Grammar schools for the academic   Secondary technical schools for the artistic/creative   Secondary modern schools for everyone else. The principle of this system was to give equal opportunities to all, no matter which class they were, based on their academic ability. To determine which school pupils would attend they would take an IQ test at aged 11. Those who passed the test went to grammar or technical schools, all schools were supposed to have similar standards of provision, know as parity of esteem. This system was criticised for being culturally biased against working class children and unequal amongst boys and girls, here are some examples:   Many middle-class children who failed the 11+ were sent into private education by their parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Grammar schools specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Grammar schools specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Grammar schools specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Parity of esteem did not happen secondary schools had a poor image.   Girls were often sent to secondary moderns even though they had passed the 11+ In the 1950s Comprehensive schools were introduced, though they did not become popular until the 70s. The aim was to upgrade current schools as to become as well equipped as the grammar schools, provide a broader curriculum, and create more universities and polytechnics and to increase access for the working classes. Children of all classes, race, gender and ability were to be taught under one roof. The Most influential legislation since 1944, has been the Education Reform Act produced in 1988,this introduced: Introduction of the national curriculum, (set subjects available to everyone)   Standard attainment targets (SATS) for league tables. Marketization   OFSTED   City Technology Colleges funded by industry, to provide special, oppotunitiees for pupils in inner city areas. The education system is one of the most influential institutions in society, which has developed over the years to aim in achieving equal opportunities in education for all of society. From a functionalist view it is needed to prepare children for the outside world in later life. There continues to be varied differences in educational achievements studied in relation to race, class or gender, these interlink with each other, for an example you could have a black girl from a working class whose achievements are high, or a white boy from a middle class whose achievements are lower than average. There is no group exactly the same, they have combinations of all factors. As the economy has changed so to have the roles in which people play in society. In 1976 a survey conducted by Sue Sharpe showed that girls priorities were love, marriage, husbands, children, and lastly careers and jobs. The research was repeated in 1994, and the priorities had changed to job, career and being able to support themselves, (Moore et al, 2001). There are more opportunities for women today in the work place and women have become more determined to be independent, and are not as focused on marriage and having children. This may explain why that since the early 1990s girls have been achieving better than boys. The chart below shows a steady increase in girls achievements. Attainment of 5 or more GCSEs A C grade in Year 11 England and Wales (Adapted from Youth Cohort Study, 2002) Other possible reasons for boys not doing as well as girls is the anti-school male subculture, as identified In Paul Williss of the lads, 1977. Willis study a group of boys with working class background; he concluded that their working class masculinity made it difficult for them to succeed academically because mental labour was considered feminine. Many boys do want to learn, whereas others would rather be remembered for being the clown of the class, trying to impress girls, fighting and being disruptive in the class. The relationship between teachers and pupils also plays a key role in an individuals achievement, the teachers own background, may affect how they communicate with pupils, and they may have varied expectations of what they believe certain groups of pupils will achieve. Also they may not get on for many reasons, such as disruptive behaviour or clashes in personalities. In 1983 Michelle Stanworth studied a class of a level students at a further education college. She noticed that the teacher had stereotyped views on what type of careers the girls would have, to the boys. The teacher also gave more attention to the boys by asking them questions, and found it hard to remember the girls names. Interactionist sociologists have used the Labelling theory to explain the differences in how well students achieve. The labelling theory is when teachers classify students in a group, by doing this it can influence their role and status within the school.

Two essays 750 words each, details below Essays

Two essays 750 words each, details below Essays Two essays 750 words each, details below Essay Two essays 750 words each, details below Essay Essay 1: Analysis of An Argument The first sentence of the argument sounds very persuasive and simple. If the research is based on a six-year statistics then the data is very reliable. The line â€Å"Our research indicated that, over the past six years, no incidents of employee theft have been reported within ten of the companies that have been our clients† tells a lot about the effective work of the security service. The fact that this data refers not to a single company that is a client of the security service but to ten of them gives more space for thinking that the work of the security service is really on a high level. At least we can say that the security service of the company perfectly copes with its responsibilities that refer to overseeing the correct behavior of the client’s employees. Often these procedures are the most difficult, because the working place and working process of each employee is a subject of privacy that is not allowed to be violated. If to read the second sentence better and connect it with what has been said in the first, we can find out that there is some of the misconnection between them. If the company provides the security services for its clients then it has to know everything about the security system that is established within its clients. It’s the basic job of any security service and here in the statement we find out the following line: â€Å" In analyzing the security practices of these ten companies, we have further learned that each of them requires its employees to wear photo identification badges while at work† It sounds like the company executes the role of the overseer over the security services of the company, but doesn’t provide the security services by itself. Otherwise it there wouldn’t be such a line as â€Å"analyzing the security practices of these ten companies, we have further learned†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These words say that the company doesn’t have a direct relationship to its clients if it doesn’t provide the security service or has no idea about the security practices that are established in these companies. Probably the director’s initial thought was to say that security services that were given to those ten clients had a practice of checking ID badges, while the security practice in other companies did not include that time of security practice. If it was the initial thought then the statement has to sound in another way, otherwise it will be misunderstood by the audience or will make them to perceive it from different sides, and different people will understand the meaning of it differently. The last sentence of the argument makes relatively clear what the speaker wanted to say, but still it doesn’t really sound in the way that would be understood easily and at once. To make the whole argument simpler for understanding it’s necessary to include the second statement of it to the very beginning so that the audience will have a better idea what the speaker wants to tell them. If he is going to tell about the importance of introducing the identification badges with pictures for the employees, because it increases the level of the security and he has a clear evidence of this fact then he has to say about it first as about a practice of security service, the company provides for its clients that have been very reliable and that have given the remarkable results. If these argument will be presented to the audience that has a direct relation to the company’s professional activity still it has to be changed in order to be understood quite well. The reason for a high professional performance of the security service in the companies that are the clients has to be told first, and only then the author of the statement has to inform about the res ults of this practice. This technique   of constructing an argument will sound more informative and clear and will definitely help the audience to catch the meaning real quick. So the argument has to sound somelike the following: â€Å"Our research indicated that, security practices in the companies where the photo identification badges were required to wear, appeared to be more effective as   there were no incidents of employee theft in a six-year period in the practice of ten examined companies. In the future, therefore, we should recommend the use of such identification badges to all of our clients.† In the case there is a clear connection of reason and consequence in the argument, it will be understood quite well. Essay 2: Analysis of An Issue To hire a new employee is quite a problem, which has no easy solution. And when hiring a person one has to rely on his ability to differ people and ability to choose the most appropriate candidates that would fit for the work which is proposed. Of course the previous work experience plays an important role as well as educational background, because it helps to make some kind of the relatively objective judgment about the candidate and helps to imagine his possible professional skills as well as the range of work he is familiar with. The only problem that the degree doesn’t characterize a professional as a human and as a personality, which is of a high importance as well especially if the person will have to work in the team. Most of the professionals who worked in a team or have been working on leading positions and who managed people would agree that on the hand with professional skills there are lots of other traits that are important for effective and productive work. They include communicative abilities, ability to think quickly and ability to learn. The last one is very important because it’s the fundamental of the effective work in our dynamically changing world. When a manager hires a new employee he has to take into consideration his personality and quickly make a judgment if the new person will pour into the working environment. So he has also to take into consideration, would the positive professional and personal traits of the new employee compensate the weak points of the working environment as well. Along with these traits many employers look on the previous work experience and ask for recommendations to know the personal side of the employee better. Every work requires the presence of the sense of responsibility and commitment to the work. It’s one of the integral parts of the proper and effective work as well as the trait that gives personal trust to the employee and makes the employee have a positive opinion about him. The sense of commitment to the work and responsible attitude often compensate no existing qualification in some types of the work. Many people will agree that it’s better to have a diligent executive, who may be not skilful in some of the questions and activities than to have a highly qualified professional but who is idle and supercilious. Finally the success of the business depends not on the level of the professionalism and qualification of the workers but on the final result and effective execution of work. The responsibility is one of the traits which is valued not only by the boss but by the colleagues as well. When people see that a person is responsible in the work they understand that he can be relied upon in real life situations that can happen anytime. Even so that relations between employees don’t pour clearly during the working process as they don’t usually have enough time for close communication and interaction, but still they plan an important role in the business process. Many people would say that they are more likely to easily communicate with people who have the same educational and cultural background, so this has to be taken into the consideration by the employer when he hires a new person. This is a very important moment as the negative perception of the new member of the working environment will make some sort of difficulties for him that would be difficult to overcome and it may result in his work. In general, the strategies for hiring people are quite different and everyone chooses the most appropriate for his point of view and for the professional activity that he proposes to possible employees. But the general principles often remain nearly the same, the employee has to be able to do the work and to work in the team or rule the team of other workers. Many people are more likely to hire those who seem to them enthusiastic, easy-to-go-with, and those who look optimistically on many things. It happens so probably because these people are easy to be managed and can easily feel the situation and can encourage others if they fail or help their colleagues in the hard minutes.. Another thing that most of employers should understand and look as on the guidance is that they are hiring not a robot or a machine, but a living human being, and that’s why they have to take into consideration â€Å"human factor† as well.

Build and sustain an innovative work environment 2 Assignment

Build and sustain an innovative work environment 2 - Assignment Example The company has put measures in place to ensure that the emissions from the plant are minimized to prevent environmental degradation. The company’s business booms because waste is produced on a daily basis from households. The company applies both traditional and modern methods in its business approach. The strategy enables the company to manage the innovation process properly. The traditional business approach enables the company to streamline its activities in order to achieve its objectives. The other strategy entails the building of support for the business. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2009, p. 59) claims that the process of building support for the incineration involves strategic alignment. The strategy promotes objectivity within the business framework in order to explore more innovative means of doing business. The company also engages in the scrutiny of the emerging trends in the incineration business in order to identify novel means of doing business. The strategy gives the firm industrial foresight. Consequently, the company can explore new ways of doing business. The company focuses on the specific needs of the communities. In this regard, the welfare of the public is guaranteed. The responsible disposal of the garbage benefits the public given that the disposal preserves the ozone layer, which is a source of livelihood for millions of people. Corporate responsibility enhances the objectives of the company. The company utilizes its assets constructively and makes use of modern technology in its operations (Hester and Harrison, 2014, p. 83). Additionally, the company is proactive and ready to face any form of eventuality. The company has a culture of motivating and inspiring its employees, which enhances the innovativeness of the firm. The strategy fosters discipline in the firm. Discipline enhances the creativity of the firm workers. The company modifies its innovative principle in

Professional Management Skills Assesment. cASE ANALYSIS Essay

Professional Management Skills Assesment. cASE ANALYSIS - Essay Example With David Neeleman started out his career in the airline industry, he had learned and had become accustomed to the ins and outs of operating an airline. While spending time with airlines such as Southwest after his first entrepreneurial venture, Neeleman saw the immense opportunity in the industry in the form of the growing dissatisfaction in the market due to poor service and high fares. Coupled with the information that was publicly available regarding the operations related to the industry, he came to justify the dissatisfaction as an opportunity by looking at its market potential. Neeleman then saw that there was sufficient demand to back up this opportunity. The vision of an airline with high quality service and low fares was not entirely what Jet Blue was about when Neeleman conceived the idea in his mind. It was built on the Southwest model, only that with the use of technology it would aim to differentiate itself, as well as its way of doing things as a player in the airline industry. According to the founder, this new airline would â€Å"leverage technology for safety and efficiency and with a commitment to people. (Gittell & O’Reilly, 2001, p.3)† The overall market for the airlines most especially in New York City as stated in the case, experienced dissatisfaction given the current level of services at the price level in which they are offered. Due to this, an enormous opportunity for an airline that could offer lower costs for air travel with high quality service awaited as a promise and reward. This one Neeleman had observed and taken advantage of using of information technology as one of the differentiating factors. Jet Blue’s marketing was strategic in a way that it aimed to support the goal of the company to become a different sort of player in the airline industry. For one, in line with Neeleman’s vision which was to provide high quality service at affordable fares while improving the experience of

Family Assessment Essay Example for Free

Family Assessment Essay Gordon’s functional health patterns is a method developed by Marjory Gordon, a nursing theorist and professor. The functional health patterns are to be used during the nursing process to obtain a more comprehensive assessment. There are 11 functional health patterns to in place to create a comprehensive assessment. The functional health patterns are values and health perception and management, sleep/rest, nutrition, activity/exercise, elimination, cognitive-perceptual, role relationship, self perception, coping-stress tolerance, sexuality and religion. In this paper, I will discuss all of these functional health patterns as they pertain to my husbands perception of our family. Functional Health Patterns I interviewed my husband using Gordon’s functional health pattern guided questions. Miguel is a 41 year old father of four children, Trysten who is 6, Tyernen is 5, Lola is 3 and Eva who is 14 months old. Miguel has been married to Susan for 13 years. He has been running a household for the past 5 years at, taking on the newest role for men as a stay at home parent. The Health Perception–Health Management pattern involves health practices used to reach current level of health or wellness and the individuals actual health status. Questions should focus on the individuals perceived health status and meaning of health. During the assessment of this pattern, a nurse may unearth other patterns that may need to be explored. (Edelman) Rarely sick, Miguel goes to the doctor when necessary and is on Zoloft for anxiety. The kids have been to the doctor this year for their well check ups. Trysten is battling allergies, and just got over a sinus infection. Eva had an ear infection and is now teething. Tyernen had his tonsils out last year. Lola is relatively healthy and Susan just discovered she has been starting to get migraines and is trying different home remedies for these. Nutritional-metabolic patterns focus on the nutrient intake relative to metabolic need. This includes evidence of nutritional balance (physical examination) and reports and description of food and fluid consumption (history). (Edelman) Many meals are eaten out, fast food and restaurants are frequented. When foods are cooked at home, stews, steak, chicken cutlets, pastas, bread, and salads are usually made. Snacks include fruits and banana shakes he makes for the kids. He is overweight and states he knows so. The kids are healthier, and the parents make better choices for them then they do for themselves. Susan is, too, overweight. A very important factor when assessing the sleep-rest pattern is the perception of getting an adequate amount of relaxation and sleep. If the individual reports energy levels waning or fatigue this may provide some indication of the individuals satisfaction. People have their own ideas about the roles that rest and sleep play in preparing the individual for desired or required daily activities. This pattern becomes extremely important when sleep and rest are reported as insufficient because it effects other aspects in the assessment. (Edelman) Miguel states that he has trouble sleeping and is often tired the next day. He states â€Å"the doctor ordered a sleep study for my sleep apnea I’m sure I have, but I never go. † Children sleep well through the night, approximately 10 hours. Susan just switch from working night shift to day shift, and is flipping her schedule around. Elimination patterns include bladder, skin and bowel function. Nurses ask the patient about regularity, quality, and quantity of stool and urine through reports from the individual any changes or perceived problems and about methods used to get regularity or control. Perspiration quantity and quality determine excretory skin function. (Edelman) In regards to his bathroom habits, he states he goes regularly. Miguels skin is clear, some dryness on elbows and knees noted. Hair and nails look healthy and clean. Children have normal patterns and skin is clear no dryness. Susan has drier skin, states bathroom needs are normal. The activity-exercise focuses on activity level, regular exercise program, and leisure time activities. Physical and subjective assessments include movement capability, activity tolerance, use of assistive devices, self-care ability, satisfaction with activity and exercise patterns, and any perceived problems. (Edelman) With the 4 children, he does get out and play with the kids, but there is no regular exercise routine. The children play everyday outside, wether in the park or in the yard. Susan doesn’t have a regular exercise program either. Cognitive patterns are the ability of the individual to understand and follow directions, make decisions, solve problems, retain information and use language appropriately. Auditory, olfactory, visual, gustatory, tactile, and kinesthetic sensations and perceptions impact the perceptual and sensory patterns. (Edelman) Cognitively, Miguel reads the news online and utilizes the internet to write to his family in Argentina. English is his second language, and he does need assistance expressing himself every once in a while. He does wear glasses, but they are more for driving needs. Children are developmentally on target for their respective ages. Susan is working full time, taking on line courses and running a home with the help of her husband. The sense of each individuals personal identity, emotional patterns, goals, and feelings about the self is the self perception pattern. Self-image and sense of worth come from the individuals perception of personal appearance, limitations, and competencies, including the individuals self-perception and others perceptions. (Edelman) Miguel wants to go back to school, but his family is first. At this time, he is at home, allowing his wife to continue her education to better their situation. He feels trapped at times, wants to go back to work. He wants to go to the gym, but his children are more important at this time. He reads to better his knowledge base and fixes the cars, thriving on a bargain when it is found. Again, children seem to be on with their developemental milestones. Susan is having trouble with her physical appearance. Though she projects a confident persona, she is uncomfortable with how she looks at this time. Roles-relationships pattern describes the identity the individual assumes with in a social group and how they interact with others with in that social group and how they are connected. The individuals perception is a large component of the assessment, as is the individuals subjective level of satisfaction with the roles and relationships they are in. (Edelman) Miguel states â€Å"I am a daddy, husband, and a friend. † He describes himself in his roles, â€Å"daddy† being the most important to him. The childrens role are still being determined due to the fact they are so young. Trysten is big brother to all and best friend to daddy. Tyernen is a big brother and in competition with Trysten all the time, though it seems to make them want to be better. Tyernen favors his mother, but jokes around often with daddy. Lola seems to have taken on the role of trouble maker, and Eva is following her footsteps. Susan has taken on the role of mother, breadwinner, student, and nurse (not in any specific order). She tends to lead the family, get everyone moving. The sexuality-reproductive pattern is defined by the individuals sexual functioning, sexual self-concept, methods of intimacy, and reproductive areas. The importance of sexuality to the individuals life and health is related to the relationship and self-perception patterns. Body image, gender identity and role are linked to sexual identity. Sexual functioning involves, but is not limited to, sexual relations with a partner. (Edelman) Miguel and Susan have not been physically intimate in a long while. Either one of them remember the last time. This is mostly due to Susan’s self-perception/body image and the busy lives that are being lead. Miguel has expressed more than once that the physical aspect of their shared sexuality is unsatisfying. The ability to manage stress in life is a learned behavior. Stress is an inevitable part of life; without it there is no motivation to grow. Most stress comes from minor irritations that build over time, not great tragedies. Edelman) There are many stressors affecting this family. Four young childrens’ demands, being in Arizona when we would prefer to be in New York, working full time, going back to school, staying home with the kids, many many stressors are impacting the lives of the two parents. For the most part, the stress is handled well, though we both seem to be r eaching for food too often and may need to re evaluate our coping mechanisms so it doesn’t impact the childrens learned coping mechanisms. The values-beliefs pattern is defined as the individuals goals, spiritual values and beliefs. Each of the 11 health patterns addresses the value systems of individuals, family, and society. Individual values or beliefs develop over time and guides the individuals life through societal influences and personal experiences with family. (Edelman) There is no firm religious influence in the home. The family is valued, belief in building a strong base for the children to grow. After compiling the data from the assessment of the family discussed in the paragraphs above, some nursing diagnosis that would be appropriate would be: Altered Nutrition more than body requirements related to using food as a coping mechanism. Sexual dysfunction related to change in body or self-image. Ineffective coping related to inadequate coping method. In conclusion, the functional health patterns gave me a better idea of what is happening in my family and how it is effecting my husband and our relationship. There is always an aspect of the health patterns that can be improved upon within a family, it is the nurses job when assessing to be thorough and helpful.

Education Can End Systematic Oppression Essay -- Poverty and Oppressio

The subject of expectations for higher education is one that tends to spark impassioned debate among educators, students and parents alike. In Pedagogy of the Oppressed Paulo Freire presses his audience to consider such expectations in light of one’s own intentions, motives, and affections toward those to be educated (Freire 50). He goes even further to suggest that a love for one another through empathetic dialogue, especially on the part of the educator, must be present in order for fear to be wiped away and liberation to eventually take its place (Freire 89,90). It was that dialogical approach that made Freire’s literacy programs so successful in Brazil until â€Å"his work was interrupted by a military dictatorship† in the mid-60s and he was arrested and exiled to Chile (Palmer 128). Even after his release he continued to be an advocate for his approach to education, believing it worked toward liberation for all, freeing both the oppressor and the oppressed (Palmer 129). Some of the oppressed in our own society include, but are not limited to, individuals living in poverty, immigrants struggling to adapt and grow in a new culture, and people with developmental disabilities due to abuse and neglect. Many opportunities lie at our fingertips in America but until we apply an empathetic approach to reaching the oppressed in our society, we cannot expect all Americans to seek a college degree nor will education be a means toward societal change. According to the US Census Bureau, out of the 300 plus million people living in the United States, 46.5 million of them lived in poverty in 2012 without any change from the previous year (â€Å"Dept of Commerce†). Almost 22% of the people were children under the age of 18 (â€Å"Dept of Commerce†). A... ...riere_pedagogy.pdf>. Hamilton, Jon. "Orphans' Lonely Beginnings Reveal How Parents Shape A Child's Brain." NPR. NPR, 24 Feb. 2014. Web. 26 Feb. 2014. . Koury, Amanda S., and Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal. "School Readiness of Children from Immigrant Families: Contributions of Region of Origin, Home, and Childcare." Journal of Educational Psychology 106.1 (2014): 268-88. ProQuest. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. Palmer, Joy, David E. Cooper, and Liora Bresler, eds. Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education: From Piaget to the Present Day. London: Routledge, 2001. Print. "WHAT RESEARCH SAYS ABOUT PARENT INVOLVEMENT IN CHILDREN’S EDUCATION." SOM - State of Michigan. Michigan Department of Education, Mar. 2002. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. .

An Effective Teacher Essay

The qualities that define an effective teacher are very complex in my opinion. Everyone seems to have different ideas as to what the key indicators are. They range from; professionalism, communication, professional development, managing, guiding and strategies. There are even those of the opinion that it doesn’t matter what you do, children will always learn. However I have chosen professionalism as I believe that it is an essential attribute to being an effective teacher. Professionalism is defined by Merriam-Webster’s dictionary as â€Å"Characterised by or conforming to the technical or ethical standard of one’s profession. (Belcher). In order to gain and preserve the respect and trust of students, parents and colleagues alike and to provide students with the best education possible it is important to demonstrate professional conduct and practice. The guidelines for professionalism in the teaching profession are provided by Code of Ethics, National Profession al Standards for Teachers and Duty of Care. These define the â€Å"what†. The key however is being or acting professional, this is the â€Å"how†, the effectiveness of a teacher. This is the true measure of professionalism. Some of the primary demonstrable characteristics or attributes of a professional teacher are communication, morals and ethics and professional development. Communication is an essential aspect in education, the means to send and receive clear messages to and from students, teachers, parents and community members. It establishes positive and effective relationships and connections with the involved parties. Communication can be in many forms namely verbal, non-verbal or written and used by teachers to constantly impart new knowledge or important information. The ability for teachers to apply the characteristics of good and effective communication in all its forms, to a diverse audience with different backgrounds and interests and to minimise the barriers, for example noise, misunderstanding or misinterpretation of the messages are the makings of an effective teacher. In the article by Prozesky, he states that the most effectual way to overcome these barriers is to have two-way communication with regular feedback provided by the receivers. Professional ethics is not achieved by only purely applying the ethical codes of practice nor professional standards which embody the core principles but by also applying professional skills and personal skills (caring and nurturing) and ethical behaviour in the form of attitude, intention, words, acknowledgement, respect (inside and outside of the classroom), fairness and equity with regards to individual circumstances, colour, creed, age, social-economic status, to name a few. Brock (1998) says that when dealing with ethics and professional standards there are two questions to ask; what should one do and what one should not do, what is right and what is wrong and what is appropriate and what is inappropriate. These questions result in a number of ethical dilemmas that face the teacher such as truth versus loyalty, individual versus community and religion versus morals. Early Childhood Australia has published a guide to help teachers deal with every day ethical dilemmas. According to Marsh (2010) ethical decisions have been categorised into five different levels of decision making. Open decision making, limited decision making, decisions made by the teacher, security seeking (delegation) and avoidance. Several ethical relationships exist within the dynamics of a school environment; these include ethical relationship between the teacher and the education system for example, the education system restricts teachers on what they should teach. The teacher and the principal, an example being that the teacher and principal have different values and the principal’s values will over ride those of the teacher. The teacher and the students where the teacher develops emotional bonds with his or her students and there is a mutual respect between teacher and student. The third quality that defines an effective teacher is professional development. In order to be a good teacher you need to be a good learner too. The demands on teachers to find new ideas and forms of teaching are increasing. Teachers need to be innovative and therefore attend professional development days which will help them continuously enhance their competencies and provide their students with problem solving skills and advanced thinking thus elevating them to higher levels of achievement. The desire to expand their knowledge base, stay current and gain a broader exposure to information provides this opportunity. Through numerous examples it is clear how important communication, ethics and professional development are to professionalism. These attributes will help teachers to be more effective in imparting knowledge and wisdom to their students. All of these attributes will allow the students to really focus their energies on learning and engaging with their education. Even though all of the attributes are vital for effective teaching one must never forget that the purpose of effective teaching is â€Å"that teachers make a difference†, (Boyd, 2009).